1. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

2. Sensation—the process of detecting a physical stimulus Perception—the process of integrating, organizing and interpreting sensations Five Sensations: visiongustation auditiontouch olfaction Is there a sixth??

3. nsns Anatomical substrate for vision, i.e., the pathway from the stimulus in the environment to the occipital lobe, where we “see” Vision begins with a stimulus from the environment— the range of the electromagnetic field from radio waves to cosmic rays; only a small portion is visible to humans

4. The pathway begins with -light from the environment which then passes through the -cornea, pupil and lens -light is focused on the retina It is here that “transduction” occurs *TRANSDUCTION* is the point at which the stimulus from the environment (light) becomes a nerve impulse (electrochemical neurotransmission)

6. The photoreceptors in the lining of the retina are called rods and cones -axons of rods and cones form optic nerve -optic nerve crosses at the optic chiasm -nerves project to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the -visual cortex in the occipital lobe WHERE WE SEE!

8. Hearing begins in the environment and ends in the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe PATHWAY The stimulus from the environment is sound, in the form of waves. The sound is “funnelled” by the outer ear— pinna, ear canal and eardrum.

9. Middle ear—three tiny bones, called ossicles– anvil, stirrup, hammer Inner ear—cochlea snail-shaped structure about the size of a pea lined with hair cells that bend, causing “transduction” *TRANSDUCTION* is when a stimulus from the environment (sound) becomes a neural impulse (electrochemical neurotransmission)

11. Transduction occurs at basilar membranes Axon neurons become the optic nerve Optic nerve projects to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus Thalamus to auditory cortex in Temporal lobe, where we “hear”. If a tree falls in the forest, and there’s no one there to hear it, does it make a sound?

12. OTHER SENSATIONS Smell

13. Taste Touch Also—kinesthesia (body movement) and vestibular (balance)

14. PERCEPTION refers to the process of integrating, organizing and interpreting sensory information into meaningful representations

15. GESTALT LAWS OF FORM PERCEPTION Figure-ground

16. The Law of Similarity

17. Law of Closure

18. Law of Good Continuation

19. Law of Proximity

20. Law of Simplicity

21. Depth Perception

22. ILLUSIONS (MISPERCEPTIONS) Muller-Lyer

23. Moon Illusion

24. Shepherd Table’s Illusion