1. The Remaining Senses Unit 6 Lesson 3

2. Objectives Review the physical properties of sound and light waves. Compare and contrast the senses of taste and smell, and describe the relationship between the two. Describe the skin sense in general, and pain perception in particular. Explain the kinesthetic sense.

3. Warm Up Explain the role wave frequency and amplitude play in both vision and audition. Frequency Light- Influences the color we see Sound- Influences the pitch (hertz) we hear Amplitude Light- Brightness of visual stimuli Sound- Loudness (decibels) of sound

4. Review What is the relation between sight, sound, and the vestibular sense? Eyes detect changes in body posture and vestibular imbalance (in the ears), provide info to keep us right side up!

5. Senses Vision/Audition = physical energy Olfaction/ Gustation = chemical molecules

6. Olfaction Role of Smell Info about environment Recognition Communicate emotions Evokes memory

7. How Does Smell Work? Volatile Substance (Odor) Chemical molecules released into the air at room temperature. Olfactory Bulb in Nose Receptor cells covered in mucus that dissolve molecules into electrical signals. Olfactory Nerve Transmits neural impulses to brain where they are interpreted as particular smell, associated with prior experiences or emotions. Qualities of smell: fruity, flowery, putrid, burnt, resinous, spicy

8. Sensory Adaptation Olfactory cells quickly adapt to stimuli Good- if in outhouse Bad- if painting room

9. Can all people smell? Most of us can id up to 10K + odors! But… Anosmic: Loss of some or all sense of smell How? Virus Inflammation Drug use Head trauma

10. Taste (Gustation) Saliva dissolves food molecules stimulating taste buds on tongue which create neural impulses which are sent to parietal lobe and interpreted as taste.

11. Taste vs Flavor 4 Taste Qualities Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Flavor involves Odor Texture Temperature Taste

12. Food Experiment Taste OnlySmell OnlyBoth Flavor 1 Flavor 2 Flavor 3 Flavor 4

13. Food Experiment Taste OnlySmell OnlyBoth Flavor 1 (Pear) Flavor 2 (Apple) Flavor 3 (Onion) Flavor 4 (Potato)

14. Skin Senses Indicate Touch/Pressure, Temperature, Pain Located mostly in middle layer of skin. Hair follicles- Nerves at base respond to movement… bending = pressure/touch Free nerve endings- Respond to pain and temperature Once stimulated, pass through CNS to various areas of somatosensory cortex in brain.

15. Skin Senses Touch and Pressure Parts of body more sensitive to touch than others Two-Point Threshold: Smallest distance between 2 points before person id’s two sources of stimulation instead of one Toothpick demo Pain Indicates something is wrong at point of contact Phantom Limb Pain: pain in amputated limbs activated by nerves in stump or memories Gate Theory: rubbing area floods n.s. with stimulation, confusing source of pain

16. Kinesthesis Informs you about position and motion of parts of body Sense receptors in joints, tendons, muscles Examples: Close eyes and touch nose w/finger Make a muscle in your right arm

17. Closure Identify where sense receptors for transduction are located for each sense we’ve studied. Vision - Retina (Rods & Cones) Audition – Cochlea/Basilar Membrane (Organ of Corti) Olfaction – Olfactory Bulb Gustation – Taste Buds Touch – Hair follicles or free nerve endings Vestibular – Semicircular Canals Kinesthetic – Joints, Muscles, Tendons