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COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. Method Technology
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We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us.
Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. Biofuels Climate/CO2 change Stress responses/stress avoidance Plant products Improving food production Biotechnology Phytoremediation Plant movements Plant signaling (including neurobiology) Something else?
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Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study Design some experiments See where they lead us
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Plan C Grading? Combination of papers and presentations First presentation:10 points Research presentation: 10 points Final presentation: 15 points Assignments: 5 points each Poster: 10 points Intermediate report 10 points Final report: 30 points Scavenger hunts?
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Vegetative Plants 3 Parts Leaf Stem Root
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Vegetative Plants 3 tissue types Dermal Ground Vascular
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Plant Development Cell division = growth
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Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become
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Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types
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Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations
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Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types Pattern formation Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs
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Plant Development umbrella term for many processes embryogenesis
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Plant Development umbrella term for many processes Embryogenesis Seed dormancy and germination
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Plant Development umbrella term for many processes Embryogenesis Seed dormancy and germination Seedling Morphogenesis
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Plant Development umbrella term for many processes Embryogenesis Seed dormancy and germination Seedling Morphogenesis Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation
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Plant Development umbrella term for many processes Embryogenesis Seed dormancy and germination Seedling Morphogenesis Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation Many responses to environment
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Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development Cell walls: cells can’t move: Must grow towards/away from signals
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Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
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Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
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Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
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Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones No germ line!
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Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
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Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution! Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form different gametes
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Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio surface area increases more slowly than volume exchange occurs only at surface eventually have insufficient exchange for survival
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose Can stretch!
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose Can stretch! 2˚ wall made after growth stops
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose Can stretch! 2˚ wall made after growth stops Lignins make it tough
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Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose Can stretch! 2˚ wall made after growth stops Lignins make it tough Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants
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Plant Cells Cell walls 1˚ wall made first 2˚ wall made after growth stops Lignins make it tough Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants Middle lamella = space between 2 cells
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Plant Cells Cell walls 1˚ wall made first 2˚ wall made after growth stops Middle lamella = space between 2 cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
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Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells Lined with plasma membrane
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Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells Lined with plasma membrane Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
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Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells Lined with plasma membrane Desmotubule joins ER of both cells Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them!
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Types of Organelles 1) Endomembrane System 2) Putative endosymbionts
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Endomembrane system Common features derived from ER
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Endomembrane system Common features derived from ER transport is in vesicles
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Endomembrane system Common features derived from ER transport is in vesicles proteins & lipids are glycosylated
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Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosome 7) Oleosomes
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ER Network of membranes t/out cell 2 types: SER & RER
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SER tubules that lack ribosomes fns: Lipid syn Steroid syn drug detox storing Ca2+ Glycogen catabolism
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RER Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes 1˚ fn = protein synthesis -> ribosomes are making proteins
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ER SER & RER make new membrane!
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GOLGI COMPLEX Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
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GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack
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GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates!
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GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates! Protein’s address is built in
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