1. Jacksonian Democracy 1828-1838

2. Champion of the “Common Man”?
Essential Question:
Champion of the “Common Man”?
“King” Andrew?

3. How did the people and states respond to the “Corrupt Bargain?”
They neglected politics.
They increased the right to vote.
They supported John Quincy Adams.
They formed a one-party system.
What was the “Corrupt Bargain?”
Jackson won the popular vote, but lacked a majority of the electoral college vote
With no electoral majority the House Representatives had to chose from the top three candidates
Senator Henry Clay used his influence to have John Quincy Adams chosen by the House
Adams later appointed Clay Secretary of State
Jackson and his supporters accused Clay and Adams of stealing the election away from the candidate chosen by the voters
The "New Democracy"     A. By 1820s, aristocracy  was becoming outmoded while democracy was becoming respectable.         --Politicians now forced to cater to the voting masses     B. Most high offices still held by wealthy citizens     C. Change in emphasis:         1.    Jeffersonian democracy: the people should be governed as little as possible.                -- Gov’t for the people         2. Jacksonian democracy: government should be done directly by the people.

4. “The health of a democratic society may be measured by the quality of functions performed by private citizens.”
More people began participating in politics
Movement away from the domination of politics by a wealthy elite
Expansion in the idea of “equality”

5. Case Study: New York Suffrage Apportionment
“The greatness of America lies not in being more enlightened than any other nation, but rather in her ability to repair her faults.”
Case Study: New York
Suffrage
Dilemma: Are blacks full citizens?
Solution: limit voting rights to those who own $250 of property and 3 years residency
Apportionment
Dilemma: if blacks were counted it would Increase the power of NYC
Solution: only count taxpaying blacks
New Democracy based on universal white manhood suffrage rather than         property qualifications -- common man now more influential.         1. Between 1812 and 1821, 6 new western states granted universal manhood suffrage         2. Between 1810 and 1821, four eastern states significantly reduced voting requirements.             -- However, blacks in north gradually disenfranchised; by Civil War only New England                 allowed blacks to vote.         3. The South granted increased suffrage later than in the West and East.         4. New voters demanded a new type of politician that would represent common peoples' interests         5. Jackson was the result of the "New Democracy" rather than the cause of it.

6. Revising State Constitutions
Increasing white male suffrage, while taking away rights of others:
Women loss the right to vote in the only state they had it, New Jersey
Blacks were free in many northern states but were denied the right to vote
Newly formed western states and territories denied blacks the right to vote in an attempt to entice more whites to settle there
The south stuck to slavery and therefore denied blacks freedom 

7. Compare: How have voter requirements changed?

8. Election of 1828 John Q Adams/Andrew Jackson rematch Adams
- From the Northeast (NY)
- Represented commercial interests in the northeast
- Favored a strong federal government
Political Party: National Republican
Jackson
From the West (Tennessee)
Represented farmers in the west
-Wanted a weak federal government & strong states
-Party: Democratic-Republicans
Negative campaigning (mudslinging)
Jackson campaigned on his frontier background, common man image, and fame as a war hero than on issues
Three times the number of voters participated in the election of 1828 as in the 1824 election
Jackson won, carrying every state west of the Appalachians

9. Reign of “King Mob” The people have spoken and Andrew Jackson becomes the president of the “Common Man”

10. Examples: What was there about Andrew Jackson that made him a man of the people?

11. Spoils System Sets up an office rotation system
(Often hired people who supported his elect
Believed system undercut entrenched bureaucracy of D.C. and let normal citizen participate
Patronage (Spoils System)
The winner of an election gives government jobs to campaign supporters
Members of the opposition party were fired and replaced with members of the winning party
Caused government inefficiency by removing skill as a qualification for government receiving government jobs
Rotation of officeholders: Jackson limited federal appointments to one term

12. Peggy Eaton Affair
Peggy Eaton was the middle class wife of a Senator whom the women of D.C. shunned their noses to her (especially John C. Calhoun’s wife
Cabinet member Martin Van Buren suggested the cabinet should resign to take the heat off of Jackson (Van Buren later became V.P.)

13. What issues did Jackson face?
Tariff of Abominations National Bank Native Americans

14. The
Nullification
Issue

15. Tariff of Abominations
Raised the tariff on
imported manufactured
goods.
The tariff protected the
North but harmed the South;
South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
It passed because New England favored high tariffs.

16. Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

17. 1830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.
Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

18. What does the Tariff do? Protects the Destiny lay
Northern Manufacturing
Destiny lay
in cotton

19. Nullification? South Carolina Exposition:
which proposed that each state in the union counter the tyranny of the majority by asserting the right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress.
South Carolina threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked;
Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution.

20. “Rally again under the banners of the union whose obligations you in common with all your countrymen have, with an appeal to heaven, sworn to support, and which must be indissoluble as long as we are capable of enjoying freedom.”
Force Act
Use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs. Intended to suppress South Carolina's refusal to collect tariffs
Deny the right of secession to individual states

21. Clay saves the Union with a Compromise Tariff
This Act stipulated that import taxes would gradually be cut over the next decade until, by 1842, they matched the levels set in the Tariff of an average of 20%.

22. Jackson's
Native-American
Policy

23. A War Over and Land Opens Up
Northeastern residents and recently arrived immigrants flocked to the NW bringing their cultures and skills on farming and industry.
Small-Farmers sought opportunity to join the Cotton Kingdom by planting cotton on the new lands of the SW.

24. Indian Removal 1830  Indian Removal Act
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) Not independent nations but “domestic dependent nation”
Worcester v. GA (1832) The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations.
Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce It!

25. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

26. Indian Removal

27. Trail of Tears ( )

28. Renewing
the Charter
of the
1st National Bank

29. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

30. The National Bank Debate
Nicholas Biddle
President Jackson
“The bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and it is owned by the wealthy and by foreigners.”

31. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
“Hard” (specie) $
“Soft” (paper) $
felt that coin was the only safe currency.
didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes.
suspicious of expansion & speculation.
state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely.
supported rapid economic growth & speculation.

32. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
“pet banks”?
1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went bankrupt!

33. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

34. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”?

35. 1832 Election Results

36. The Specie Circular (1836) “wildcat banks.”
buy future federal land only with gold or silver.
Jackson’s goal?

37. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes loose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

38. The 1836 Election
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

39. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!