1. Chapter 2 Origins and Development of Law Enforcement

2. Introduction Development of formal policing systems
Changes when Industrial Revolution arrived
Emergence of modern professional police

3. Early Origins of Social Control
Lex Talionis
Code of Hammurabi
Vigiles (Vigilante)

4. Development of Formal Policing
2200 BC Code of Hammurabi standardizes laws and punishments in Babylon
1340 BC Nile River Police established in Egypt
510 BC Romans establish the Praetorian Guard and Urban Court
27 BC Roman system of vigiles instituted by Emperor Augustus
Law enforcement in England is based on traditional notions of individual justice and punishment
899 System of shires, hundreds, and tithes is established by Alfred the Great
1285 Statute of Winchester establishes the watch-and-ward system in England
1326 Justices of the peace first appointed by the king in England
1748 Founding of the Bow Street Runners in London
1829 Creation of the London Metropolitan Police

5. Development of Formal Policing England—From Tithing to Posse Comitatus
The King’s Peace
King’s subjects are his property
Shires and tithes
Constables and posses
Bow Street Runners

6. Development of Formal Policing England—The Formal System of Policing
Sir Robert Peel
Metropolitan Police Act—1829
Peel’s Principles of Policing
Bobbies—1856

7. Development of Formal Policing Peel’s Principles
Sir Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing (1829)
The police must be stable, efficient and organized along military lines.
The police must be under governmental control.
The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of the police.
The distribution of crime new is essential.
The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential.
No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quiet determined manner has more effect than violent action.
Good appearance commands respect.
The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency.
Public security demands that every police officer be given a number.
Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the people.
Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis.
Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police strength.

8. Development of Formal Policing United States—Early Watch Systems
Justice of the Peace
Sheriff
Constables
Night Watch
Vigilante Committees

9. Development of Formal Policing United States—Slave Patrols and Jim Crow Laws
Slave Codes
Slave Patrols established mid-1740s
Precursors to modern police forces
Jim Crow Laws enacted 1880s

10. Eras of American Policing The Political Era (1840–1930)
Spoils System
Pendleton Act of 1883
Legalistic vs. Order Maintenance
Wickersham Commission 1929
Women and Minorities

11. Eras of American Policing Origins of the Reform Era
Faces of Reform: Early Leaders
August Vollmer—Father of Police Professionalism
O.W. Wilson—The Protégé
J. Edgar Hoover—The FBI

12. Policing as a Profession
Replacement of patronage systems
Job security for administrators and leaders
Centralized policing and recordkeeping

13. Profession Criteria Organized body of knowledge Advanced study
Code of ethics
Prestige
Standards of admissions
Professional association
Service ideal

14. Advanced Study 1960s—High School degree required
1964 Law Enforcement Education Program
National Institute of Justice
American Society of Criminology

15. Code of Ethics Organizational value system Accountability mechanisms
1957 IACP Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and Police Code of Conduct

16. Prestige
“Prestige refers to which profession is seen as desirable for employment or worthy of respect.”

17. Standards of Admission
Character and background checks
Psychological testing
Requirements modified over time

18. Professional Associations
1893
International Association of Chiefs of Police
1915
International Association of Policewomen
Currently
Police Executive Forum
Police Foundation
Commission for the Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies

19. A Service Ideal Crime control Community service Speed of response time
Incident handling efficiency
Police community relations

20. Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing
Traditional strategies
Police-community relations
Rising crime rates
Uniform Crime Reports
Dark Figure of Crime

21. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Structure
Part I: Violent personal crimes
Part II: Property crimes
Cleared crimes
Exceptional clearance
Crime Indices
Limitations

22. Dark Figure of Crime Underreported crime
National Crime Victimization Survey
Only about 39% of crime reported to police
Limitations of NCVS

23. Reflections On Chapter Two
1. What are the similarities between our current policing system and the watch system? The Code of Hammarabi? 2. In what way can policing be a political issue? 3. Why were there so few women and minority police officers at the turn of the century? Why are they still so underrepresented? 4. Is there a political/police figure today as groundbreaking as Robert Peel? 5. Would the U.S. system of policing work in England? Why or why not? 6. Compared to professions such as law, medicine, and accounting, do you consider policing to be a profession? Why or why not? What criteria do you use to make your determination? 7. How can police officers improve their relationship with the public while avoiding the corruption that was rampant during the Political Era?