1. AFTHAP m4 10.03 1 Luis A. Agudo Fernández AFTHAP CONFERENCE www.afthap.com REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPE, STEEL CYLINDER TYPE Module 4: Significant features Final Summary

2. 2 AFTHAP m4 10.03 Reinforced concrete steel cylider type experiences since 1984 YearNameDiameter Length (m) Pressure (m.w.c) 1894 Outfall in Paris 1.800 mm1.500 m35 1895-1905 City of Paris 300 to 400120.00040 500 to 80070.00040 1.000 to 1.25038.00040 5001.20040 2.0001.50030 City of Nimes 8002.50035

3.  Verifiable references, 4400 km since 1958 › Around 3500 manufactured by AFTHAP associates  They can be reviewed on www.afthap.com AFTHAP m4 10.03 3 Experience of AFTHAP

4.  Specific manufacturing at the pull of the customer  Adaptability to standard, use, load, installation conditions, environment, and so. AFTHAP m4 10.03 4 Versatility

5.  Strength to ovalizing strains based on the pipe itself and not on extraordinary fillings  Impact and extreme temperatures strength  Buoyancy almost zero (depending on diameters and thicknesses) AFTHAP m4 10.03 5 Robustness

6. AFTHAP m4 10.03 6  It does not require complicated tests of the weldings, penetrating liquids test is enough  It can bear longitudinal tractions, for examplen in the case of self anchored pieces  There is no limit to the use in pressure or diameter  It admits small bend radius, hard alignments in plan and elevation. Possibility of using a welded joint

7. AFTHAP m4 10.03 7  It allows small movements, differential settlements, earthquake.  Electrical discontinuity.  Really simplified joint, it avoids certified welders and checking the joints on site.  It avoids joint protections on site.  It requires few equipments for the assembly.  Speed of execution, less occupancy time. Possibility of using an elastic joint

8. AFTHAP m4 10.03 8  They do not require preservation measures  Steels are passivated with the concrete alcaline pH.  The reduction produced by the alcaline pH prevents the reinforcements oxidation.  Head loss usually decreases with time. The concrete surface remains undisturbed and it almost always, depending on water, produces a layer of thin silt which makes it more slippery. Durability

9.  Very high failure critical pressure for negative pressures – It does not buckle easily  Good fatigue behavior  Good behavior for variable stresses (fluttering pressure variations)  Good strength to handlings during the transport and assembly AFTHAP m4 10.03 9 Strength to transient and/or accidental strains

10. AFTHAP m4 10.03 10 Madrid, Plaza de Castilla, reinforced concrete, in use since 1949. Manhole making in (55 years) Alhama, Murcia, prestressed concrete, in use since 70´s. Manhole making in 2009 (around 40 years) Passivating

11.  Turbulence production next to the duct wall  Accurate formulas are valid (Darcy, Colebrook)  The Hazen Williams formula that includes a correction factor depending on the diameter is quite rough  In all of them, the roughness factors are in the safe side, because of their experimental determination, between 1939 and 1775, with pipes shorter and rougher than current ones  For big diameters, the pipe capacity is almost the same in any material AFTHAP m4 10.03 11 Influence of roughness

12. AFTHAP m4 10.03 12 Madrid, Plaza de Castilla, reinforced concrete, in use since 1949. Reduction on the head loss in time

13. AFTHAP m4 10.03 13 Alhama, Murcia, prestressed concrete, in use since 70´s. Reduction on the head loss in time

14.  Lower energy consumption during manufacturing  Non-polluting manufacturing  Very long useful life  Non-polluting residue  Reuse possibility (high and very high strength concretes) › Detailed documentation on www.afthap.com, documentation from the 2005 and 2007 seminarwww.afthap.com AFTHAP m4 10.03 14 Sustainability

15.  European standards UNE – EN › 639 Common requirements › 641 Reinforced concrete cylinder type › 642 Prestressed concrete cylinder type › 805 Systems and components outside buildings  Instruction of Eduardo Torroja Institute for reinforced or prestressed concrete pipes 2007  Certification with DIT AFTHAP m4 10.03 15 Standardization

16.  The development of a Technical Suitability Document (DIT) includes:  The preparation of a detailed manual on manufacturing and use approved by a comission of experts created for this purpose by the certification body.  Tracking with periodical controls › All the documentation is public. The one related to reinforced and prestressed concrete pies, steel cylinder type, can be obtained from www.afthap.comwww.afthap.com AFTHAP m4 10.03 16 Certification by DIT