1. MURDERS PER 100,000 PERSONS: UNITED STATES 96 data NY Times, July 26, 1998

2. # OF MURDERS, NEW YORK CITY Estimate based on 6 months

3. DECLINING MURDERS, NYC & LA(city) NYC pop=7.3m LA City pop= 3.5m (1990)

4. WHO DID IT? AND MANY OTHER QUESTIONS

5. MURDER RATE (PER 100,000) BY REGION

6. MURDER RATE (PER 100,000) BY REGION AND CITY

7. Elijah Anderson n “The Code of the Streets.” n TWO ORIENTATIONS AMONG GHETTO POOR n 1. “DECENT”--INVOLVES FAMILIES COMMITTED TO MIDDLE CLASS VALUES n 2. “THE STREETS”--AN OPPOSITIONAL CULTURE WITH ITS RULES--”CODE OF THE STREETS”

8. n A CULTURAL ADAPATATION TO A LACK OF FAITH IN THE POLICE/JUDICIAL SYSTEM

9. Components of the “culture of the streets” n RESPECT/ DO NOT BE “DISSD” n POSSESSIONS--JACKETS SNEAKERS n DEMEANOR OF VIOLENCE

12. n “We’ll remember you always, Tony.” Mott Haven, South Bronx, 1991

13. MERCER SULLIVAN n Minority adolescents, especially involved in drugs, disproportionately likely to commit crimes. n Crack is distributed by young people who are heavily armed--territory wars

14. MERCER SULLIVAN n White collar crime n Arson rates vary inversely with real estate values--landlords hire people to burn down their buildings when they can make more money from insurance than from selling

15. EXPLANATIONS OF DECLINE IN MURDERS IN NEW YORK CITY/NATION n 1. New York police work/”broken window” theory

17. EXPLANATIONS OF DECLINE IN MURDERS IN NEW YORK CITY/NATION n Police strategy # 5 : n Going after squeegee men, boom boxes, reckless bycyclists, panhandlers, drunks. n Then checking id’s, police records, searching for weapons.

18. n Problems with New York police work/”broken window” theory n Decline in National and New York murder rate starts before 1993, when Bratton instituted his program

19. n 2. Demographics--decline in size of New York’s teenage population n But it hasn’t really declined, and certainly not fast enough to explain the drop in murders n 3. Decline in crack epidemic n 4. Tipping Theory