1. Perspectives of Psychology Ms. Rebecca 2009

2. Do Now: Why do you think people think, feel and act in certain ways? Are they born a certain way? Do they learn in school to act a certain way? Do they learn from friends? Why do you think people think, feel and act in certain ways? Are they born a certain way? Do they learn in school to act a certain way? Do they learn from friends?

3. Different perspectives The human mind is really complicated. So, psychologists have a lot of different ideas about why people act and think the way they do. The human mind is really complicated. So, psychologists have a lot of different ideas about why people act and think the way they do. The next slide lists the 6 most popular perspectives today. In practice, psychologist apply the perspective that best deals with the problem at hand. The next slide lists the 6 most popular perspectives today. In practice, psychologist apply the perspective that best deals with the problem at hand.

4. I’m a tv expert! BUT I only watch Prison Break. BUT I only watch Prison Break. http://www.shockya.com/news/wp-content/uploads/prison_break_ver4_poster.jpg

5. I’m a tv expert! I can learn a lot about Prison Break if I watch it all the time, but I wont know ANYTHING about other types of shows like comedies, documentaries, cartoons, the news, sports shows etc.….. I can learn a lot about Prison Break if I watch it all the time, but I wont know ANYTHING about other types of shows like comedies, documentaries, cartoons, the news, sports shows etc.….. http://everydayplaystation.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/spongebob.jpg

6. I’m a tv expert! I could never claim to know EVERYTHING about t.v. by only watching one show/type of show. I could never claim to know EVERYTHING about t.v. by only watching one show/type of show. http://rlv.zcache.com/clearly_im_not_an_expert_on_this_topic_tshirt-p2359648477432668033s9b_400.jpg

7. I’m a tv expert! But maybe if I watched all different types of shows (drama, comedy, mystery, cartoons, news, sports etc) I would be closer to being an expert of t.v. shows today. But maybe if I watched all different types of shows (drama, comedy, mystery, cartoons, news, sports etc) I would be closer to being an expert of t.v. shows today. http://www.slipperybrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/super-sized-remote-control.jpg

8. Human behavior experts Just like there are many different types of tv shows, there are also many different ideas about why humans behave the way they do. Just like there are many different types of tv shows, there are also many different ideas about why humans behave the way they do. http://www.iuniverse.com/CoverImages/100958/SKU-000025877_XL.gif

9. Human Behavior And thoughts come from many different things. And thoughts come from many different things. Some believe behavior is learned in childhood; some believe experiences in the present are more likely to impact behavior and thoughts. Some believe behavior is learned in childhood; some believe experiences in the present are more likely to impact behavior and thoughts. http://blogs.uscannenberg.org/peter_griffin/magnifying-glass.gif

10. 6 Perspectives In Psychology today there are 6 different perspectives or ideas about where human behavior comes from. In Psychology today there are 6 different perspectives or ideas about where human behavior comes from. http://www.neilmoffatt.co.uk/Images/Paintings/7Dwarfs.jpg

11. 6 Perspectives 1. Biological Perspective 1. Biological Perspective 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective 4. Humanist Perspective 4. Humanist Perspective 5. Cognitive Perspective 5. Cognitive Perspective 6. Sociocultural Perspective 6. Sociocultural Perspective

12. Biological Perspective “I was born this way” (The Complete Idiots Guide to Psychology) “I was born this way” (The Complete Idiots Guide to Psychology) http://www.health-in-action.org/library/pdf/Shaken%20Baby/Images/sm%20shake%20baby%20with%20bkgd.jpg

13. Biological Perspective Look at the body to explain the mind Look at the body to explain the mind http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_394PgFiJSRw/STLOLMPhq9I/AAAAAAAAAD0/w-22z0AJ6PY/s400/mind_body_connection1.jpg

14. Biological Perspective Influence of hormones, genes, the brain, central nervous system on the way we think, feel and act Influence of hormones, genes, the brain, central nervous system on the way we think, feel and act http://www.pawnee.org/stressbody.jpg

15. Questions Biological Perspective Answers: Is personality inherited from parents? Is personality inherited from parents? Does mental stress cause physical illness? Does mental stress cause physical illness? http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_tz6-1vjO-ic/Rkp--9Oq5sI/AAAAAAAAAtA/xKoPgfd59RQ/s400/like_father_like_son.jpg

16. Biological Perspective’s impact on Psychology - developed medicines to treat depression and other disorders - developed medicines to treat depression and other disorders -helped people to understand that mental illnesses are uncontrollable sometimes, like physical illness. Removed some stigmas of mental illness. -helped people to understand that mental illnesses are uncontrollable sometimes, like physical illness. Removed some stigmas of mental illness. http://www.viewpoints.com/images/review/2007/259/19/1189989620-84591_full.jpg

17. 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective “It’s only the tip of the iceberg” “It’s only the tip of the iceberg” http://www.las.iastate.edu/careerservices/Photos/iceberg.jpg

18. 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective Behavior is driven by mental conflicts deep inside us! Behavior is driven by mental conflicts deep inside us! http://www.emory.edu/ACAD_EXCHANGE/2006/octnov/neurlogy.jpg

19. 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud said that people have conflicts between their urges and what society says is ok. Freud said that people have conflicts between their urges and what society says is ok.

20. 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective We learn when we are children to hide our real feelings, so we push our urges waaaaaaay down until we are adults and then we don’t really know the “real” reasons we do what we do because they are so deep within us. We learn when we are children to hide our real feelings, so we push our urges waaaaaaay down until we are adults and then we don’t really know the “real” reasons we do what we do because they are so deep within us. http://eccasa.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mother-child-discipline-small-1.jpg

21. 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective BUT we can get clues about our real” feelings from our dreams and seemingly unexplainable behavior BUT we can get clues about our real” feelings from our dreams and seemingly unexplainable behavior http://leoashton.vizua.com/blues%20clues/blues_clues_wp_1024.jpg

22. 2. What Psychoanalytic Psychologists think? Childhood experiences really affect how we are as adults. Childhood experiences really affect how we are as adults. Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make sense Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make sense Talking about our feelings in a comfortable setting can help people work through their “true” feelings to solve problems. Talking about our feelings in a comfortable setting can help people work through their “true” feelings to solve problems.

23. 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective “We’re all just rats caught in a maze” “We’re all just rats caught in a maze” http://members.madasafish.com/~cj_whitehound/Rats_Nest/artwork/clipart/white_rat_in_maze.gif

24. 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective Rats can find food in a maze if they’ve found food in the same place before. Rats can find food in a maze if they’ve found food in the same place before. Their behavior changes if the location of the food changes. Their behavior changes if the location of the food changes. http://www.tallhill.com/products/labrat/spec/labrat_spec_files/RatMazeDestroy.jpg

25. 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective John Watson studied rats in mazes and said that people are the same. John Watson studied rats in mazes and said that people are the same. Behavior is just a response to something. The consequence determines whether the behavior happens again. Behavior is just a response to something. The consequence determines whether the behavior happens again. http://dogtrainerblues.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/dog-training-commands.jpg

26. 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists do? What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists do? Try to understand people by studying what happens to them and how they respond. Try to understand people by studying what happens to them and how they respond. If the consequence is good, they should repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do the behavior again. If the consequence is good, they should repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do the behavior again.

27. 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective Example: Example: Stimulus: You find out there’s a test Stimulus: You find out there’s a test Response: You study Response: You study Consequence: You get an “A” Consequence: You get an “A” Based on the good consequence of getting an “A”, you continue the behavior of studying for tests. Based on the good consequence of getting an “A”, you continue the behavior of studying for tests.

28. 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists say?: What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists say?: -Behavior Modification: you can learn to change bad behavior -Behavior Modification: you can learn to change bad behavior You can get over your fears! You can get over your fears! http://www.asktheexterminator.com/artman2/uploads/1/spider_fear.gif

29. 4. Cognitive Perspective “I Think, Therefore I Am” “I Think, Therefore I Am” http://www.haroldsplanet.com/daily/images/78_ithinkithink.gif

30. 4. Cognitive Perspective Study the way people can gain, organize, and remember knowledge that guides behavior. Study the way people can gain, organize, and remember knowledge that guides behavior. http://standupforamerica.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/think-before-you-act.jpg

31. 4. Cognitive Perspective We’re much more than rats! We react to the environment but we also act on it to do things like: We’re much more than rats! We react to the environment but we also act on it to do things like: Solve problems Solve problems Make decisions Make decisions Think about options before we act Think about options before we act

32. 4. Cognitive Perspective Also, FEELINGS affect what we do too! Also, FEELINGS affect what we do too! Example: Someone who is told they have cancer but there is treatment would react very differently to the news than a person who found out they had cancer and were going to die. Example: Someone who is told they have cancer but there is treatment would react very differently to the news than a person who found out they had cancer and were going to die. http://www.shawuniversitymosque.org/articles/images/confidence.png

33. 4. Cognitive Perspective Cognitive Psychologists develop theories about mental processes and test those theories by creating situations where people are expected to behave in a predictable way (if they don’t behave in a predictable way, the theory is wrong). Cognitive Psychologists develop theories about mental processes and test those theories by creating situations where people are expected to behave in a predictable way (if they don’t behave in a predictable way, the theory is wrong).

34. 4. Cognitive Perspective Where do we see Cognitive Psychology? Where do we see Cognitive Psychology? Self-help books Self-help books Attitude adjustments can help people because it’s all about how they feel about a situation/problem. Attitude adjustments can help people because it’s all about how they feel about a situation/problem. http://askchris.essexcc.gov.uk/Files/BookJackets/4354.jpg

35. 5. Sociocultural Perspective To understand human behaviors you have to understand the culture in which they live. To understand human behaviors you have to understand the culture in which they live. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_wEbegOTGaXY/SYogSJSrooI/AAAAAAAAAHw/rpWXmiu_Bq4/s400/2.21.09+different+cultures.jpg

36. 5. Sociocultural Perspective What’s “normal” in one country may be weird in another. What’s “normal” in one country may be weird in another. http://bcdairyfoundation.ca/nutrition_education/images/So_what_is_normal.jpg

37. 5. Sociocultural Perspective In the U.S. individuality is valued In the U.S. individuality is valued In Asia it’s better to be part of a group In Asia it’s better to be part of a group http://www.framersguide.com/images/_individuality1.jpg

38. 5. Sociocultural Perspective Eating disorders are a bigger problem in the U.S. where the ideal is to be really thin. Higher rate of violence in the U.S. Eating disorders are a bigger problem in the U.S. where the ideal is to be really thin. Higher rate of violence in the U.S. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/december6/gifs/eating.jpg

39. 6. Humanistic Perspective “Look on the Bright Side” “Look on the Bright Side”

40. 6. Humanistic Perspective People are naturally good. They will try to be the best they can be UNLESS other people get in their way. People are naturally good. They will try to be the best they can be UNLESS other people get in their way. http://hellejorgensen.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c748c53ef0115707d77ce970b-500wi

41. 6. Humanistic Perspective Example: Children are good until teachers/parents etc. tell them they AREN’T good. Example: Children are good until teachers/parents etc. tell them they AREN’T good. http://alicebag.com/angryteacher.jpg

42. 6. Humanistic Perspective Then, children begin to believe that they can’t be good so they stop trying. Then, children begin to believe that they can’t be good so they stop trying. http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/050930/050930_brats_vmed.widec.jpg

43. 6. Humanistic Perspective Main ideas in Humanist Psychology Main ideas in Humanist Psychology Self-esteem is VERY important! Self-esteem is VERY important! A person’s view of their life is much more important that what actually happens in their life. A person’s view of their life is much more important that what actually happens in their life.

44. History of Psychology Do Now: What kinds of human behavior are you curious about? Example: why do people find others attractive? Why do some people get angry easier than others?

45. Hmmm interesting! People have ALWAYS been interested in the behaviors of other people, that’s… PSYCHOLOGY! Questions about human behavior have been asked throughout history. http://psicologia.unipd.it/home/fso/images/psychology.gif

46. I. Ancient Greece (2000 years ago) A. Socrates: said we can learn about ourselves by looking at our own thoughts and feelings: introspection. http://psicologia.unipd.it/home/fso/images/psychology.gif http://paulbuckley14059.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/introspection.jpg

47. B. Aristotle (384-322) Experiences from the past affect our feelings later. Example: Being with our parents makes us feel safe because they have kept us safe in the past. http://westernparadigm.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/aristotle.jpg

48. B. Aristotle (384-322) He also said: People try to avoid pain and find pleasure. http://www.rsrevision.com/images/calvin_happy.jpg

49. C. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Confusion and madness are caused by problems in the brain. http://philippinehealthconnections.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/hippocrates1.jpg http://www.simpsonstrivia.com.ar/simpsons-photos/wallpapers/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg

50. II. The Middle Ages Most Europeans believed problems like confusion and anger issues were caused by being possessed by demons. http://beyondtheblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/devil.jpg

51. II. The Middle Ages “pure” metals AND people SHOULD sink to the bottom of water People who were thought to be possessed were thrown into deep water…. http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/10ReasonsWhyLearningSwimmingisNecessary_D69D/image_6.png

52. III. Modern Science (1500s- 1700s) The Scientific Approach was invented, leading to the birth of modern Psychology in the 1800s. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mad_scientist_transparent_background.svg/641px-Mad_scientist_transparent_background.svg.png

53. Scientific Approach Ideas about human behavior and thinking should be supported by evidence. http://onecoolsite.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/evidence.jpg

54. 1879 Beginning of Psychology as a modern lab science. http://www.blackrockforest.org/images/Buildings/B_Science_Center_dry_lab_Fox_and_Fowle.jpg

55. A. Wilhelm Wundt (1832- 1920) Established a lab in Germany He founded structuralism: the study of the basic elements of consciousness (being awake and experienceing the world) http://www.shiga-med.ac.jp/~koyama/pain/Wundt.gif

56. Consciousness:How we experience the world 1. Objective Sensations: sight, taste, hearing, touching, smelling 2. Subjective Feelings: Emotional responses to the world. http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/Literary_Criticism/structuralism/structur.JPG

57. Structuralists Believed the human mind combined these 2 types of experiences Ex: You can see an apple as red and taste it as sweet but ALSO you can feel good when you see an apple because you REMEMBER how good it feels to bite into it. Structuralism eventually died out….

58. Gestalt (configuration) Psychology We integrate info into meaningful wholes. Some things are more than the sum of their parts. Ex: Blind Monks and an elephant story Music more than notes….

59. B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Structuralists are WRONG! You can’t break down people’s experiences! Stream of Consciousness http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/james.gif http://www.imprint.co.uk/phrencol.gif

60. B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Functionalism is how mental processes (thinking) help people/animals adapt to their environment. http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/sociology/images/functionalism_ro.gif

61. “Function”alism Consciousness has a function: to help people adapt to their environment. We adapt to do things like wash our hand before eating so we don’t get sick. We don’t just wash for no reason.

62. How did Functionalists do research? Observe people’s behavior in a lab and use introspection (researchers asked people how they felt inside) http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0yVDybV0ui4/SVNbEpPP0MI/AAAAAAAAAJY/xeOOVkdobA8/s400/Milgram_Experiment.png

63. Other ideas of Functionalists Behavior is learned Example: Students study because the learn that it will help them get better grades. Habits http://www.elanguages.ac.uk/images/GLP_0152.jpg

64. John B. Watson (1878-1958) and Behaviorism Consciousness is a private event known only by an individual. Psychology is a science and needs to ONLY use observable, measurable, events (ex. Behaviors) http://www.fitconsultinginc.com/images/innovate.gif

65. Behaviorism Observable behavior NOT self- examination of ideas and experiences Ivan Pavlov: Dogs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMJJpbRx_O8&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMJJpbRx_O8&feature=related John Watson: Psych should be more like a lab science. He studied human reflexes Little Albert: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE

66. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) and Reinforcement When animals are rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to do that behavior again (ex. Dog treats) http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=I_ctJqjlrHA http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=I_ctJqjlrHA People learn behaviors the same way. (school) http://cultblender.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bfskinner.jpg

67. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and the school of Psychoanalysis Most famous early psychologist. Psychoanalysis- people have unconscious motives and conflicts within themselves that affect their behavior. http://skepdic.com/graphics/freud1.jpg

68. For Example Freud believed that dreams might be a representation of wishes that you have deep down but didn’t know about. Sheldon gets analyzed: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZq_U2hbnv s&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZq_U2hbnv s&feature=related http://images.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alpinelakes.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/dreaming.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gengen89.livejournal.com/&usg=__TBWJEy4wBfiXUw5UNjOe_jUSO4Y=&h=516&w=597&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=bBpUEHKMkYnaDM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddreaming%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

69. Also Freudian Slip: http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u148/FreudianSlipCartoon.gif

70. Psychodynamic Thinking Most of what is in your mind is unconscious. We are full of impulses and urges that conflict with what society says we can do. So Freud said he could help people know their unconscious feelings and find acceptable ways to deal with them.

71. Humanistic Psychology People (humans) have the freedom to choose things themselves. Conscious experience. We are not controlled by rewards and punishments.

72. Child Development Jean Piaget: Gave tests to children and discovered that younger kids consistently failed certain parts. Kids think differently!

73. Now you have learned a little bit about different psychologists It’s your turn to choose one psychologist to present about to the class! History Heads Assignment!

74. Homework: Read pp19-36 and complete the Check Your Vocabulary and Apply Your Knowledge Section. (total 31 questions)