1. Bureaucratic Authoritarianism Martz

2. Origins of BA Elimination of populist forces through a repressive state apparatus [200] Technocratic elite + armed forces Centralized control of public policy More likely at lower level of modernization

3. Origins Interest in Brazil & Argentina – econ progress NOT linked to democ Expand to include Greece, Mexico, Spain Too much generalizing from Southern Cone

4. Challenges Demise of BA regimes in 1980s Collier questioned relevance of import substitution crisis Need for theory to explain cycles of BA-competitive politics “restoration”

5. Transitions to democracy Focus on breakdown of BA Praise for political democracy –competition;participation;liberties Major studies divided on defns –some see elitism hiding

6. More transition studies Seligson doubts natural authoritarianism Malloy argued for cultural propensities to authoritarianism Booth links regime consolidation to character of elections

7. Interesting cases South Korea (mass protests) Haiti Chile Eastern Europe

8. Political Culture dimension A concept often used and often contended easy and unsatisfying to use (Huntington) Wildavsky and APSA research program –“comparing countries by contrasting their combinations of cultures”

9. Macridis on Authoritarian cultures Elitist: social darwinism Irrational: myth to mobilise masses Group mind: back to primitive society

10. Fascism Ideology based on negatives: against –class struggle –parlmt democracy –trade unions –pol parties –Treaty of Versailles –Jews –Communism

11. Fascism Positives: for –Nationalism –Expansionism –Communitarianism freedom=freedom to obey –Leadership

12. Fascism Subordination of society –Army –Civil service –Church (passive) –Business –Middle class Only organized workers opposed

13. Fascism: Interpretations Abnormality Capitalist contradictions Stage of development Psychology of atomization

14. Personality theory: Adorno Anti-semitic Nationalist Fear of outsiders conservative strict family

15. Personality theory: Adorno Authoritarian personality –Lower class –uneducated –paranoid Does not fit profile of Nazi support