1. CPU
Internal memory
I/O interface circuit
System bus
Micro-computer main board
Hardware system
Software system
Battery,
chassis
peripherals
Monitor program, BIOS
Operating system: DOS, Windows, UNIX, Linux
Micro-computing system
System
software
Program design language
Application software
Middleware
Language processing program
Assembler
Interpreter
Compiler
Service program
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level language
Object-oriented language

2. Introduction to Computing
Chapter 0
Introduction to Computing

3. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System

4. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System

5. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Binary Numbers
Each digit (bit) is either 1 or 0
Each bit represents a power of 2
MSB – most significant bit
LSB – least significant bit

6. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Binary Addition
Starting with the LSB, add each pair of digits, include the carry if present.

7. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Hexadecimal Addition
Divide the sum of two digits by the number base (16). The quotient becomes the carry value, and the remainder is the sum digit. 1 1 A B
78 6D 80 B5
21 / 16 = 1, rem 5

8. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Hexadecimal Subtraction
When a borrow is required from the digit to the left, add 16 (decimal) to the current digit's value:
= 21 -1
C6 75
A2 47
24 2E

9. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Translating Binary to Decimal
Weighted positional notation shows how to calculate the decimal value of each binary bit:
dec = (Dn-1  2n-1) + (Dn-2  2n-2) (D1  21) + (D0  20)
D = binary digit
binary = decimal 9:
(1  23) + (1  20) = 9

10. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Translating Unsigned Decimal to Binary
Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 2. Each remainder is a binary digit in the translated value:
37 =

11. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Translating Binary to Hexadecimal
Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to 4 binary bits.
Example: Translate the binary integer to hexadecimal:
Binary (2) equals hex 16A794 (16)

12. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
Multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16:
dec = (D3  163) + (D2  162) + (D1  161) + (D0  160)
Hex 1234(16) equals (1  163) + (2  162) + (3  161) + (4  160), or
decimal 4,660 (10)
Hex 3BA4 (16) equals (3  163) + (11 * 162) + (10  161) + (4  160),
or decimal 15,268 (10)

13. decimal 422 (10) = 1A6 (16) hexadecimal
0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
decimal 422 (10) = 1A6 (16) hexadecimal

14. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Signed Integers
The highest bit indicates the sign. 1 = negative, 0 = positive

15. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Forming the Two's Complement
Negative numbers are stored in two's complement notation

16. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed binary to decimal
Starting value (2)
Step 1: Reverse the bits
Step 2: Add 1 to the value from step
Step 3: Form the two’s complement
Step 4: Covert to decimal and attach sign (10)

17. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed decimal to binary
Starting value (10)
Step 1: Convert the absolute value into binary (2)
Step 2: Reverse the bits (2)
Step 3: Form the two’s complement (2)

18. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed decimal to hexadecimal
Starting value (10)
Step 1: Convert the absolute value into hexadecimal B(16)
Step 2: Form the two’s complement D5(16)

19. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
Convert signed hexadecimal to decimal
Starting value D5(16)
Step 1: Form the two’s complement B(16)
Step 4: Covert to decimal and attach sign (10)

20. 0.1 Numbering and Coding System
ASCII code
Standard ASCII (0 – 127)
Extended ASCII (0 – 255)
0: 30H
1: 31H
A: 41H
a: 61H
B: 42H
b: 62H

21. 0.2 Digital Primer Logic gates AND OR NOT (Inverter) XOR NAND NOR
Digital gate diagram for AND
Logic gates
AND OR
NOT (Inverter)
XOR
NAND
NOR
Tri-state buffer
Digital gate diagram for OR
Digital gate diagram for NOT

22. 0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gates

23. 0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gates

24. 0.2 Digital Primer
Logic gates
NMOS AND gate
AND gate using diodes

25. Some important terminology
0.3 Inside the Computer
Some important terminology
byte word

26. Some important terminology
0.3 Inside the Computer
Some important terminology
byte word

27. 0.3 Inside the Computer
Internal organization of computers

28. Basic architecture of computer
Arithmetic unit
Input Device
Memory storage unit
Output Device
Control unit
Basic architecture of computer

29. The storage of program and data
address
content
No.1
Instruction 1
No.2
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
program …
Instruction n …
data 21
data 12
data
data 117
data 13
Intermediate results
Final results
The storage of program and data

30. 0.3 Inside the Computer
Internal working of computers

31. Homework
P18: 4, 6
P19: 15