1. By: Desiree Altmann and Michael Kim

2. Diction  Fourth in importance  Elaborates the action, the character and the theme but it does not contributes theme “the expression of the meaning in words” ○ Proper: generally used by people ○ Appropriate to plot ○ Appropriate to characters ○ Appropriate to end of tragedy

3. Diction  Aristotle discusses the style of tragedy, favoring metaphors  Aristotle believed it was a mark of genius, if one could create a good metaphor  Essence both in verse and prose

4. Diction  To create a clean diction that is distant from common one can use:  Lengthening  Contraction  Altering words

5. Diction  Newly-coined words are words that have never been used in local areas, but used and adopted by the poet  Word is lengthened when its own vowel is exchanged for a longer one or when a syllable is inserted  Word is contracted when some part of it is removed  Altered word is a word in which part of it its left unchanged and the other part recast  Nouns can be masculine, feminine or neutral

6. Diction  A clear style is one that uses only current and proper words  Riddle: consists of metaphors  Jargon: consists of strange or rare words  The essence of riddle is to express true facts under impossible combinations

7. Diction  Critics hold poets to use the correct way of such thing  If not their poetry would sound grotesque and ludicrous  Poets need moderation in lengthening, contraction and altering words  Strange words, metaphors or even any similar mode of expression can replace a common, ordinary, proper term to make it more attractive  But if such are not used well they may lead to catastrophe

8. Diction  Metaphors are used in iambic  Strange or rare words are use in heroic poetry

9. Example for diction  "nun de m'eon oligos te kai outidanos kai aeikes, "Yet a small man, worthless and unseemly, " the difference will be felt if we substitute the common words, "nun de m'eon mikros te kai asthenikos kai aeides. "Yet a little fellow, weak and ugly. "

10. Song  Fifth in importance  Musical element of the chorus  Aristotle thinks that the chorus should be fully integrated in the play; like an actor Should contribute to the plot  Has diction and thought

11. Song  Thought: Includes every effect which has to be produced ○ Proof: excitation of the feelings ○ Refutation: suggestion of importance or its opposite Must have same points of view as the dramatic speeches when it what’s to evoke feelings Incidents should speak for themselves without verbal exposition Effects should be produced be the speaker

12. Song  Diction: Can be a command ○ A prayer ○ A statement ○ A threat ○ A question ○ An answer, and so forth ○ Used to tell what to do or what not to do

13. Example for Song  Homer by Protagoras- “Sing, goddess, of the wrath,” he gives a command under the idea that he utters a prayer in the song.

14. Spectacle  Last of importance and least connected with literature “the production of spectacular effects depends more on the art of the stage machinist than on that of the poet.” own emotional attraction and least connected with the art of poetry.

15. Spectacle  Aristotle says that superior poets rely more on the inner structure of the play than fear and pity

16. Spectacle  Tragedy Apart from representation and actors People who use spectacular means that includes monstrous are a purpose to Tragedy

17. Spectacle  Production of Spectacular Effects depends on more on the art of the stage than the poet.  Fear and Pity 1. Made by spectacular means 2. Makes a superior poet 3. incidents must happen between friends or enemies

18. Spectacle  Skillful handling done with consciously and knowledge  Falling within the action 1 case= to be about to act with knowledge of the persons and then not to act 2 case= doing an irreparable deed by ignorance and discover before it’s done.

19. Example for Spectacle  An unnecessary action done on stage.  Example: Shakespeare thought that spectacle was needed to be more entertaining like the dramatic end in Romeo and Juliet