1. The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown

2. Hundred Years’ War  1337-1453  England and France  England=victor until 1429  French eventually removed British

3. The Black Death  1347-1350  Plagues  Septicemic  Pneumonic  Bubonic  ½+ of W. Europeans died

4. The Black Death  Cures?  Flagellation  Bleeding  Cause?  Curse from God

5. Challenges to RCC  Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)  Babylonian Captivity  Great Schism (1378-1417)  John Wycliffe  English  d. 1384  Jan Hus  Czech  d. 1415

6. Cultural Achievements  In Early Middle Ages, culture regressed because of:  Barbarian invasions  Feudalism  People’s concern for barest essentials of life

7. Cultural Achievements  In High Middle Ages, culture progressed because:  Church provided leadership and support  Crusades spread knowledge of Byzantine and Muslim civilization  Towns=centers of culture and learning

8. Cultural Achievements  Architecture  Romanesque (pre- 1100s)  Massive cathedrals  Featured:  Thick walls  Few windows  Rounded arches  Strong columns

9. Cultural Achievements  Architecture (cont’d)  Gothic (1100s+)  More graceful style  Featured:  Flying buttresses  Pointed arches  Thin walls  Stained-glass windows

10.  Pointed arches  Ribbed vaults

11. Thrust

12. Notre Dame

13. Cultural Achievements  Higher education  Universities founded  Except for religion, relied chiefly on Aristotle’s writings  Students faced difficulties:  Taught in Latin, not vernacular  Lacked books and libraries

14. Cultural Achievements  Science & invention  Medieval scientists were quite unscientific  Rarely experimented or questioned  Mainly accepted:  Popular superstitions  Ideas of Aristotle

15. Cultural Achievements  Philosophy & theology  Scholasticism--method of using pure reason in defense of faith  St. Thomas Aquinas  Wrote Summa Theologica  Denied conflict between reason and faith  Influenced by Aristotle

16. Cultural Achievements  Literature  Few books written  Epic poems  Beowulf--Anglo-Saxon poem  Song of Roland--French epic  Song of Cid--Spanish story  Lyrical poems  Mostly about love  By wandering musicians

18. Rise of nation-states  14 th -17 th centuries  England/ France  Spain/Portugal  Russia/Poland /Ottoman Empire  Germany/Italy

19. The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown