1. Impact of Climatic Factors & Adaptation Measures On Productivity of Tea Plantations In Sri Lanka M.A.Wijeratne Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka

2. Impact of the Tea Industry Foreign exchange Employment Farmer’s Income Environment

3. Tea Growing Regions in Sri Lanka Major… U- Up country (>1200m amsl) T:10-27 o C M- Mid country (600-1200m amsl) T:19-30 o C L- Low country (<600m amsl) T:21-34 o C C Agro-Ecological Regions…. Up country wet zone (WU 1-3) RF:1400->3175mm Up country Intermediate zone (IU 1-3) RF:1150->2150mm Mid country Wet zone (WM 1-3) RF:1250->3150mm Mid country Intermediate zone (IM 2) RF:1150->1400mm Low country Wet zone (WL 1-2) RF:1900->2525mm

4. WL WM IM IU WU

6. Up-Int. Up-Wet Low-Wet Smallholder

7. Most Influential Environmental Factors… Rainfall (>1200mm) Temperature (18-25 o C) Present Future (with CC) Rainfall Temperature CO 2 Drought damage in tea

8. Region Most Vulnerable to CC..… Low Country Up Country Mid Country 56% 26% 18% Drop: 26% Loss: 70 Mn USD Drought 1992

9. Methodology Data Collection Estates (RF & Productivity) Met Stations (RF & Temperature) TRI Experiments (CO 2 & Adaptations) Problems encountered Missing data (non-continuity) Reliability Classification (Elevation)

10. Methodology Data Analysis Trends Correlations Extreme events Problems encountered Variability (Variety/Management/growth Missing data Productivity Time

11. National Productivity Drought 1992

12. Productivity in different regions & Drought Effects IU WM IM WL POTEN. 1991 1992 28% 19% 14% 25% 26% WU

13. Productivity vs Environmental factors Up country wet zone (WU 1-3) RF:1400->3175mm YIELD=116+0.23 RF: r 2 = 0.15 (p<0.05) Up country Intermediate zone (IU 1-3) RF:1150->2150mm YIELD=76.7+0.32 RF: r 2 =0.21 (p<0.05) Mid country Wet zone (WM 1-3) RF:1250->3150mm YIELD=78.7 + 0.75 RF: r 2 =0.77 p<0.05) Low country Wet zone (WL 1-2) RF:1900->2525mm YIELD=62.9 + 0.25 RF: r 2 =0.66 (p<0.05) Rainfall (mm)-Dry month & Monthly yield (kg/ha) PRELIMINARY RESULTS

14. Productivity vs Environmental factors Up country wet zone (WU 1-3) RF:1400->3175mm Y= -219+24.5 T: r 2 = 0.12 (p<0.05) Up country Intermediate zone (IU 1-3) RF:1150->2150mm Y= -310+25 T: r 2 =0.13 (p<0.05) ENTIRE REGIONS Y= -508+63.7 T – 1.46 T 2 (p<0.05) Temperature & Monthly yield (kg/ha)

15. Productivity vs Environmental factors CO 2 vs Mean yield (kg/ha/wk) Month Yield Enriched Control 45% 18% 600ppm

16. Adaptations Irrigation Supply of water/nutrients Availability of water resources Limitations Yield increase (wet): 50->100% Yield increase (dry): >300% increase

17. Adaptations Soil improvements Addition of compost Burying of prunings 25% Yield Increase per 1% OC (8-10 tons of OC/ha/ year) Enhanced Microbial activity Increased CEC Enhanced porosity & WHC Improved Soil Structure Limitations Availability of resources: Labour & Material

18. Adaptations Shade management Limitations Management difficulties Control of temp:(2 o C) /RH Addition of GM: (5-20t/ha/yr)

19. Adaptations Intercropping Provision of shade Other benefits Limitations Poor returns compared to monocropping of tea ??

20. Adaptations Timber/Forest/Grass Source of green manure Preserve environment Limitations Social implications ?? Diversification of marginal tea lands

21. THE END…