1. Exam #2 F 6/27 in class (bring cheat sheet)

2. Ecology: We are all connected and interdependent

3. CB 52.12 Carrying Capacity exponential growth stationary phase Carrying capacity can be limited by competition

4. CB 53.2 Competition limits where species can live

5. CB 53.2 niche- the specific environment where a species lives

6. CB 53.3 Tree species existing in different niches

7. 39% 23% 36% 2% Why are species going extinct?

8. Grizzly Bears

9. Historical Grizzly Bear range Current Grizzly Bear range

10. CB 55.12 Yellowstone Grizzly Bear population increases

11. 63 mi 54 mi 466 mi of roads 950 mi of backcountry trails 97 trailheads 287 backcountry campsites Yellowstone NP

12. CB 55.16 Artificial corridors allow animals to cross fragmented areas

13. CB 55.18 Where do grizzly bears fit? Are they important? How much of our resources should we share with grizzly bears?

14. CB 55.19 National park Buffer zone In Costa Rica they have a two tiered park system: National Parks- very restricted human activities Buffer zones- some restrictions on human activities

15. CB 55.19 National park Buffer zone Developed vs Developing nations: Should/would the US designate such large areas as parks?

16. 63 mi 54 mi 466 mi of roads 950 mi of backcountry trails 97 trailheads 287 backcountry campsites Yellowstone NP

18. Wolves in Yellowstone National Park

19. The last wolves in Yellowstone (1920’s)

20. Wolves commonly live in packs

21. SocialvsSolo Packs can kill larger prey

22. Packs give the ability to obtain more food, but also mean sharing food, reduced chance of reproduction, and increased chance of diseases.

23. Wolves are very territorial and will kill intruders

24. Wolves were re-introduced to Yellowstone in 1995

25. Wolf relocation

26. “hard” release: directly to new location In Yellowstone used“soft” release: Kept in 1 acre pens to acclimate to new environment

27. Wolves were re-introduced to Yellowstone in 1995

28. http://www.forwolves.org/ralph/historical.html Yellowstone area wolf packs 2004

29. Wolf deaths 1995-2005 38 deaths= 33%

30. Currently about 300 wolves 2003- 137 sheep and 66 cattle = $32,000 2004- 209 sheep, 57 cattle, and 6 other animals = $70,000 The cost of wolves in Yellowstone NP:

31. Estimate millions of dollars in increased visitors

32. Predator-predator interactions

34. CB 55.12 Yellowstone Grizzly Bear population increases

35. Wolves are decreasing the elk population

36. Benefits of decreasing herbivore populations

37. Increased Riparian Habitat

38. Fig 2 Increased Riparian Habitat

39. Fig 2 Increased Riparian Habitat

40. Fig 3 Increased Riparian Habitat

41. Fig 5 Are wolves responsible? year 1998 1999 2000 2001

42. Fig 6 Protection vs herbivory gully depth vs browsing

43. Fig 6 The greatest difference has been in the deepest gullies, which are at the greatest risk to errosion.

44. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone NP has had numerous positive benefits.

45. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone NP has had numerous positive benefits: More food available for other carnivores

46. Fig 3 The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone NP has had numerous positive benefits: Increased Riparian Habitat

47. Bears (1993) Ian Stirling et al., Weldon Owen Pty Ltd pg 231 Animal behavior is unpredictable and inexplicable

48. CB 55.13 Not all habitats are equal How do stable ecosystems develop?

49. Primary Succession- the first organisms to colonize bare rock Secondary Succession- recovery from a disturbance