1. Accounting & Financial Analysis 111 Lecture 8 Ratio Analysis, Break-even point

2. Ratio analysis Ratio analysis provides the manager with the tools necessary to analyse the performance of the business. The business can then compare its current performance with its past performance to establish whether it is doing better or worse than previous years. It can also compare its performance with that of similar types of business by extracting the relevant ratios from business statistical publications. Ratio analysis provides the manager with the tools necessary to analyse the performance of the business. The business can then compare its current performance with its past performance to establish whether it is doing better or worse than previous years. It can also compare its performance with that of similar types of business by extracting the relevant ratios from business statistical publications.

3. Ratio analysis 2 Ratios are use to measure different aspects of the business namely: The trading performance - (P & L) The trading performance in relation to assets, liabilities and shareholder's equity - (P & L / BS) An analysis of the company's worth - (BS) Ratios are use to measure different aspects of the business namely: The trading performance - (P & L) The trading performance in relation to assets, liabilities and shareholder's equity - (P & L / BS) An analysis of the company's worth - (BS)

4. Ratio analysis 3 Ratios are viewed under the following headings: 1) Profitability 2) Activity 3) Liquidity 4) Leverage 5) Valuation Ratios are viewed under the following headings: 1) Profitability 2) Activity 3) Liquidity 4) Leverage 5) Valuation

5. Ratio analysis e.g. In your notes are the Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet of Pizza Delight Ltd for the years 2003 & 2004. We will use these figures in the ratios that follow. In your notes are the Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet of Pizza Delight Ltd for the years 2003 & 2004. We will use these figures in the ratios that follow.

6. Measuring Profitability The ratios used to measure profitability are usually: 1. Gross profit margin % 2. Net profit margin % 3. Return on total assets % 4. Return on shareholder's funds % 5. Return per employee $ The ratios used to measure profitability are usually: 1. Gross profit margin % 2. Net profit margin % 3. Return on total assets % 4. Return on shareholder's funds % 5. Return per employee $

7. Gross profit margin = Gross profit * 100 Sales $880,000 * 100= 40% $2,200,000 = Gross profit * 100 Sales $880,000 * 100= 40% $2,200,000

8. Net profit margin = Net profit * 100 Sales $218,500 * 100=6.95% $2,200,000 = Net profit * 100 Sales $218,500 * 100=6.95% $2,200,000

9. Return on net assets = Net profit after tax * 100 Total assets - current liabilities $152,950.* 100=14.37% $1,064,300 = Net profit after tax * 100 Total assets - current liabilities $152,950.* 100=14.37% $1,064,300

10. Return on shareholder's funds = Net profit after tax *100 Shareholder's equity =$152,950 * 100 = 36.92% $414,300 = Net profit after tax *100 Shareholder's equity =$152,950 * 100 = 36.92% $414,300

11. Return per employee Net profit after tax Number of employees $152,950= $7,648 20 Net profit after tax Number of employees $152,950= $7,648 20

12. Measuring Activity The ratios used to measure activity are: 1. Average inventory 2. Stock turnover 3. Average accounts receivable turnover 4. Average daily credit sales 5. Average collection period 6. Asset / employee ratio The ratios used to measure activity are: 1. Average inventory 2. Stock turnover 3. Average accounts receivable turnover 4. Average daily credit sales 5. Average collection period 6. Asset / employee ratio

13. Average inventory Opening stock + closinq stock 2 $32,000+$29,000 =$30,500 2 Opening stock + closinq stock 2 $32,000+$29,000 =$30,500 2

14. Stock turnover Cost of qoods sold Average inventory =$1,320,000=43.28 times $30,500 Cost of qoods sold Average inventory =$1,320,000=43.28 times $30,500

15. Average accounts receivable turnover Annual Credit sales Accounts receivable =$2,200,000= 28 times $78,200 Annual Credit sales Accounts receivable =$2,200,000= 28 times $78,200

16. Average daily credit sales Annual credit sales Number of working days =$2,200,000 = $6,027 365 Annual credit sales Number of working days =$2,200,000 = $6,027 365

17. Average collection period Accounts receivable Average daily credit sales = $78,200= 13 days $6,027 Accounts receivable Average daily credit sales = $78,200= 13 days $6,027

18. Asset/ Employee ratio Total assets Number of employees = $1,182,650= $59,133 20 Total assets Number of employees = $1,182,650= $59,133 20

19. Measuring Liquidity Liquidity ratios are a means of calculating the working capital available to meet the short term debts of the company. It is an expression of how cash liquid the company is. The higher the number the stronger the company position. Liquidity ratios are a means of calculating the working capital available to meet the short term debts of the company. It is an expression of how cash liquid the company is. The higher the number the stronger the company position.

20. Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities $345,000=2.92 times $118,350 Current assets Current liabilities $345,000=2.92 times $118,350

21. Quick ratio Current assets - inventory Current liabilities- bank overdraft $316,000= 2.67 times $118,350 Current assets - inventory Current liabilities- bank overdraft $316,000= 2.67 times $118,350

22. Measuring leverage - gearing Debt to equity (Gearing) Debt to equity (Gearing) Long-term debts Shareholder's equity = $650,000 = 1.57 times $414,300 Debt to equity (Gearing) Debt to equity (Gearing) Long-term debts Shareholder's equity = $650,000 = 1.57 times $414,300

23. Total debt to total assets Total debt Total assets = $768,350 = 0.65 times $1,182,650 Total debt Total assets = $768,350 = 0.65 times $1,182,650

24. Interest coverage * Profit before Interest* & Tax Interest = $218,500 + $68,000=4.21 times $68,000 * * Shown as “Finance Costs” in P&L * Profit before Interest* & Tax Interest = $218,500 + $68,000=4.21 times $68,000 * * Shown as “Finance Costs” in P&L

25. Fixed charge coverage PBIT* + Lease payments Interest + lease payments $286,500 + $130,000 $68,000 + $130,000 = 2.1 times * Profit Before Interest & Tax PBIT* + Lease payments Interest + lease payments $286,500 + $130,000 $68,000 + $130,000 = 2.1 times * Profit Before Interest & Tax

26. Measuring valuation Earnings per share Profit after tax No. of Ordinary shares issued = $152,950 = $0.76 p.s. 200,000 Earnings per share Profit after tax No. of Ordinary shares issued = $152,950 = $0.76 p.s. 200,000

27. Dividend per share Ordinary dividends paid No. of Ordinary shares issued = $50,000 = $0.25 p.s. 200,000 Ordinary dividends paid No. of Ordinary shares issued = $50,000 = $0.25 p.s. 200,000

28. Earnings yield % per share Earnings per share * 100 Market price per share =$0.76 * 100 = 18.09% $4.20 Earnings per share * 100 Market price per share =$0.76 * 100 = 18.09% $4.20

29. Dividend yield % per share Annual dividend paid per share * 100 Market price per share $0.25 * 100=5.95% $4.20 Annual dividend paid per share * 100 Market price per share $0.25 * 100=5.95% $4.20

30. Price / earnings ratio Market price per share Earnings per share =$4.20=5.5 times $0.76 Market price per share Earnings per share =$4.20=5.5 times $0.76

31. Break-even Point Contribution margin Selling price - Variable costs = Contribution margin Profit Contribution margin - Fixed costs = Profit Contribution margin Selling price - Variable costs = Contribution margin Profit Contribution margin - Fixed costs = Profit

32. Selling price is the price per unit sold. Total revenue Total number of units sold * selling price per unit = Total revenue E.G. sale of 15,000 meals *$25 per meal =$375,000 revenue is the price per unit sold. Total revenue Total number of units sold * selling price per unit = Total revenue E.G. sale of 15,000 meals *$25 per meal =$375,000 revenue

33. Variable costs are costs that increase/decrease according to the level of activity. (Sales, production) They relate to PER UNIT COST E.G. If each meal cost $9 to purchase the ingredients. The cost of the meals will change depending on the number of meals produced. 10,000 =$90,000 and 15,000 = $135,000. If the kitchen staff are paid by the number of meals produced and sold, their wages would be variable costs otherwise they are fixed costs. are costs that increase/decrease according to the level of activity. (Sales, production) They relate to PER UNIT COST E.G. If each meal cost $9 to purchase the ingredients. The cost of the meals will change depending on the number of meals produced. 10,000 =$90,000 and 15,000 = $135,000. If the kitchen staff are paid by the number of meals produced and sold, their wages would be variable costs otherwise they are fixed costs.

34. Semi-variable costs are costs that change slightly as the level of production increases but not in proportion to the increase in production. A semi-variable cost has an element of fixed costs in it. E.G. Telephone account has a fixed service charge, only the call charge increases as the calls increase. Electricity/gas charges in a kitchen will not change too much as the number of meals increase. Semi-variable costs are not normally classified within small to medium sized industry. It is only the very large corporations that may apply semi-variable costs in management applications. Most companies consider semi­variable costs as part of the fixed costs. are costs that change slightly as the level of production increases but not in proportion to the increase in production. A semi-variable cost has an element of fixed costs in it. E.G. Telephone account has a fixed service charge, only the call charge increases as the calls increase. Electricity/gas charges in a kitchen will not change too much as the number of meals increase. Semi-variable costs are not normally classified within small to medium sized industry. It is only the very large corporations that may apply semi-variable costs in management applications. Most companies consider semi­variable costs as part of the fixed costs.

35. Fixed costs are costs that remain the same irrespective of the level of sales or production. E.g. Occupancy costs - (Rent, rates, electricity, telephone, insurance), long-term finance costs, Depreciation, Administration costs, Marketing costs. are costs that remain the same irrespective of the level of sales or production. E.g. Occupancy costs - (Rent, rates, electricity, telephone, insurance), long-term finance costs, Depreciation, Administration costs, Marketing costs.

36. Break-even point It is in the interest of every business to calculate the amount of sales required at a given profit margin that will equal the fixed costs. That number of sales is the break-even point for the business. If the business cannot finance its fixed costs within a short time of commencement and has no alternate funding its chances of success are limited. It is in the interest of every business to calculate the amount of sales required at a given profit margin that will equal the fixed costs. That number of sales is the break-even point for the business. If the business cannot finance its fixed costs within a short time of commencement and has no alternate funding its chances of success are limited.

37. Break-even point 2 The break-even point is influenced by three components. An adjustment to any of the components will change the break- even number. 1. Change in the selling price per unit 2. Change in variable costs 3. Change in fixed costs The break-even point is influenced by three components. An adjustment to any of the components will change the break- even number. 1. Change in the selling price per unit 2. Change in variable costs 3. Change in fixed costs

38. Break-even point e.g. A manufacturing company producing one product has the following data: Sale price $52 Variable costs $31 Fixed costs$325,500 Before the company starts to make any profit it must produce enough contribution equal to the fixed costs ($325,000). Therefore it must sell 15,500 units. A manufacturing company producing one product has the following data: Sale price $52 Variable costs $31 Fixed costs$325,500 Before the company starts to make any profit it must produce enough contribution equal to the fixed costs ($325,000). Therefore it must sell 15,500 units.

39. Break-even point e.g. ctd. $52 - $31 = $21 contribution $325,500 / $21 = 15,500 units At this stage the company has not made any profits it has only made sufficient contribution to cover its costs. Every unit sold in excess of 15,500 will produce a profit of $21. Therefore if the company sells 18,000 units it should make a profit of $52,500. (18,000 - 15,500) * $21 $52 - $31 = $21 contribution $325,500 / $21 = 15,500 units At this stage the company has not made any profits it has only made sufficient contribution to cover its costs. Every unit sold in excess of 15,500 will produce a profit of $21. Therefore if the company sells 18,000 units it should make a profit of $52,500. (18,000 - 15,500) * $21

40. Break-even point e.g. ctd The company may decide that $52,500 is not sufficient return on assets employed and it is not likely to increase sales beyond 18,000 units. Therefore an adjustment to any of the three components could improve the profit margin. The company may decide that $52,500 is not sufficient return on assets employed and it is not likely to increase sales beyond 18,000 units. Therefore an adjustment to any of the three components could improve the profit margin.

41. Break-even point e.g. ctd E.g. If selling price was to be increased to $54 the break-even point would be reduced to 14,152 units. The outcome will be a profit of $88,504. (18,000 - 14,152) * $23 = 88,504 OR:((18,000 * $54) - (18,000 * $31)) - $325,500 = $88,500 E.g. If selling price was to be increased to $54 the break-even point would be reduced to 14,152 units. The outcome will be a profit of $88,504. (18,000 - 14,152) * $23 = 88,504 OR:((18,000 * $54) - (18,000 * $31)) - $325,500 = $88,500

42. Break-even equation The equation to calculate the break- even point is: Break-even point =Fixed costs Contribution The equation to calculate the break- even point is: Break-even point =Fixed costs Contribution

43. PRACTICE ACTIVITY! Class Exercise 8A & 8B Do it manually or use Excel Class Exercise 8A & 8B Do it manually or use Excel