1. Unit 6: VA/US SOL Review
Unit 6: Cold War
SOL 13

2. After WW2
Soviet forces occupied most of Eastern & Central Europe and eastern Germany.
Germany was divided into East & West. West was democratic, so was only temporarily occupied by the Americans, British & French.
East Germany was dominated by the Soviet Union & became Communist.
Japan, after being occupied, developed a democratic form of government.
Europe laid in ruins, so the US launched the Marshall Plan to lend them money.
The UN was formed after WW2 to try & prevent future global wars.

3. The Cold War
Influenced American domestic policies, foreign affairs & the role of the government in the economy.
Was a competition between two very different was of organizing government, society, and the economy
American-led western nations’ belief in democracy, individual freedoms, and a market economy.
Soviet belief in a totalitarian state and socialism
U.S. government’s anti-communist strategy of containment in Asia led to America’s involvement in the Korean and Vietnamese Wars.

4. Origins of the Cold War
U.S. and S.U. represented starkly different fundamental values. The U.S. represented democratic political institutions and a generally free market economic system. The S.U. was a totalitarian government with a communist (socialist) economic system.
Truman Doctrine of “containment of communism” was a guiding principle of American policy during the Cold War.
The communist takeover in China after WWII increased fears of communist domination of most of the world.

5. Origins of the Cold War…
Rather than being allies, Communist countries became rivals. President Nixon was able to exploit their rivalries in the 1970s.
After the S.U. matched the U.S. in nuclear weaponry in the 1950s, the threat of a nuclear war was ever-present. American, under President Eisenhower, adopted a policy of massive retaliation to deter any nuclear strike.

6. Alliances NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Warsaw Pact
Alliance among US & western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe
Warsaw Pact
Alliance of Soviet allies in Eastern Europe
Formed in retaliation of NATO
Both sides maintained large military forces facing each other in Europe for nearly 50 years

7. Korean War
Early 1950’s American entered into the Korean Was based on the policy of containment of communism.
After North Korea (communist) invaded South Korea, American forces lad a United Nations counterattack that drove deep into North Korea. Communist Chinese forces came into the war on the side of North Korea.
Eventually the Korean War ended in a stalemate with South Korea free of communist occupation.

8. Cuba
Fidel Castro led a communist revolution that took over Cuba in the late 1950s with many Cubans fleeing to Florida; they later tried to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro in the “Bay of Pigs” invasion – but failed.
In 1962 the S.U. stationed missiles in Cuba instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis.
President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove their missiles, and after several days the world was on the brick of a nuclear war.
Eventually the Soviet leadership “blinked” and removed the missiles.

9. Vietnam War Reflected the Cold War policy of containment
Beginning in the 1950s and continuing into early 1960s, the communist government of North Vietnam attempted to install through force a communist government in South Vietnam. The United Stares helped South Vietnam resist.
The American military buildup in Vietnam began under President John Kennedy. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, the buildup was intensified under President Lyndon Johnson.
As the scale of combat grew larger, American forces repeatedly defeated North Vietnamese forces in the field, but by fighting a limited war, could not force an end to the war on favorable terms.

10. Vietnam War Cont.
America became bitterly divided over the issue. While there was support for the American military and conduct of the war among many Americans, others opposed the war with active opposition to the war mounting, especially on college campuses.
After Johnson declined to seek re-election, President Nixon was elected on a pledge to bring the war to an honorable end. He instituted a policy of “Vietnamization” by withdrawing American troops and replacing them with South Vietnams forces and maintaining military aid to South Vietnam.
“Vietnamization” ultimately failed when South Vietnam could not resist the Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese Army.
President Nixon was forced out of office by the Watergate scandal.
In 1975 North and South Vietnam was merged under communist control

11. Impact of the Cold War at Home
Fear of communism and the threat of nuclear war
During the 1950s and 1960s American schools held drills and American citizens were urged to build bomb shelters
Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were spies for the Soviets; the construction of nuclear weapons by the Soviets, using technical secrets obtained through spying increases domestic fears.
Senator Joseph McCarthy played on American fears of communism by accusing American citizens of being communists based on flimsy or no evidence. McCarthyism – the making of false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association.
The Cold War made foreign policy a major issue in every presidential election during the period.

12. Quotes From President John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address
(The United States will) “… pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”
“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”

13. American Military Forces during the Cold War
A strong military was key to America’s victory over the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Millions of Americans served in the military during the Cold War defending freedom in wars and conflicts that were not always popular.
Many were killed or wounded with their services, the United States and American ideals of Democracy and Freedom prevailed in the Cold War struggle with Soviet communism.
President Kennedy, a World War II veteran, was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas, Texas in an event that shook the nation’s confidence and began a period of internal strife and divisiveness, especially spurred by divisions over the United States involvement in Vietnam.

14. American Military Forces during the Cold War
Unlike veterans of World War II, who returned to a grateful and supportive nation, Vietnam veterans returned often to face indifference or outright hostility from some who opposed the war. “Babykillers”
It was not until several years after the end of the Vietnam war that the wounds of the war began to heal in America, and Vietnam veterans were recognized and honored for their service and sacrifices.
The heavy military expenditures throughout the Cold War benefited Virginia’s economy more than any other state, especially in Hampton Roads, w/ navy bases, and in Northern Virginia, home to the Pentagon.

15. Problems of the Soviet Union
Soviet military competing with the United States.
Rising nationalism
Fast-paced reforms- a market economy.
“Glasnost” and “Perestroika”
President Ronald Reagan’s Role with the Soviet Union:
Challenged the moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union, for example, Reagan’s speech at the Berlin Wall where he said “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.”
President Reagan increased military and economic pressure on the Soviet Union.

16. Presidents Since 1988 George H. W. Bush (1989-1993):
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
Reunification of Germany
Collapse of Yugoslavia
Breakup of the Soviet state
Persian Gulf War
First war in which American women served in a combat role
Operation Desert Storm
William J. Clinton ( )
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Full diplomatic relations with Vietnam
Lifting of economic sanctions against South Africa when its government ended the policy of apartheid
NATO action in former Yugoslavia
George W. Bush ( )
Terrorists attacks on United States soil 9/11/2001
War in Afghanistan
War in Iraq

17. “Not So Difficult” Trivia
Name two major alliances of the post WWII era?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Pact.
Which president was forced from office due to the Watergate Scandal?
Richard Nixon.
On which policy was the Korean War fought?
Containment of communism.
What happened in China after WWII that increased American’s fear of communist?
Communists took over China.
When Bill Clinton was president a trade agreement among Canada, Mexico and the United States was made. What was it called?
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Who recklessly accused Americans of being communists with little evidence in post WWII era?
Joseph McCarthy.

18. “Not So Difficult” Trivia
Who led a communist revolution and took over Cuba in the late 1950s?
Fidel Castro.
When Germany was East Germany and West Germany, which part was democratic?
West Germany.
In what year did North and South Vietnam merge under communist control?
1975
Who was president during the Cuban Missile? Who was the victor in this conflict?
Kennedy. The United States “won” since the Soviets removed the threatening missiles.
Who gave a famous speech at the Berlin Wall (in 1987) addressing Gorbachev?
Ronald Reagan.

19. Question Time!!!
Show me what you know

20. Aftermath of World War II
A country occupied by the United States
A country occupied by the Soviet Union
-----?
Hungary
Which country completes this table?
Japan
Poland
France
China

21. The Development of East Germany
Occupation After World War II
?????
Construction of Berlin Wall
2. Which phrase best completes this diagram?
Rise of Fascism
Communist Control
Rapid Rearmament
Formation of Democracy

22. 3. This document describes the United States’ response to the ---
…we must, by means of rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world…wrest [take] the initiative from the Soviet Union… -Recommendations made by the National Security Council to President Harry Truman, 1950
3. This document describes the United States’ response to the ---
Cold War tension in Europe
Japanese invasion of China
Creation of the state of Israel
Creation of the Manhattan Project

23. 4. Which President is most closely associated with the policy of massive retaliation?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard M. Nixon

24. 5. This headline describes the result of the increased fear of---
The Daily News- January 26, 1950
Alger Hiss Sentenced to Prison
Will Serve Five Years
5. This headline describes the result of the increased fear of---
Communist infiltration
Political corruption
Organized crime
Nuclear energy

25. 6. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created primarily to ---
Protect Western Europe from communism
Encourage communist factions in China
Install democratic governments in Africa
Protect South America from invasion

26. 7. Veterans of which war often faced public hostility when they returned from duty?
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War

27. 8. Which President was in office during the Cold War?
Woodrow Wilson
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John F. Kennedy
William Clinton

28. 9. In which area did this conflict occur? Afghanistan border
The Daily News- January 17, 1991
War Begins!
Hundreds of planes begin bombing missions
9. In which area did this conflict occur?
Afghanistan border
Indochinese Peninsula
Former Yugoslavia
Persian Gulf

29. 10. Which type of action is described by this quotation?
President Bush met with his national security advisers and with leading members of Congress. He also telephoned the leaders of Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany, China, and Russia as the first steps toward building an international coalition against terrorism.
-State Department records, September 12, 2001
10. Which type of action is described by this quotation?
Independent investigations
Diplomatic relations
Economic sanctions
Strategic attacks