1. MANAGE INJURIES BLOOD LOSS AND SAFETY Wear gloves
If contaminated, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water
Place all needles and sharp objects in a sealed hard plastic container
Encourage the casualty to treat themselves where possible.
Place a non-absorbent physical barrier between the site of bleeding and the first aider.

2. MANAGEMENT OF WOUNDS AND BLOOD LOSS
You must take into account of the casualty’s whole situation before applying any first aid techniques:
Example
Do not apply pressure over any broken bone, an embedded object or the internal organs.
Do not elevate a broken bone or a limb that has been bitten or stung by a poisonous creature.

3. Management of wounds and blood loss (general principles)
DRABCD
If the situation requires professional assistance, call for help as soon as possible.
Protect yourself from becoming contaminated with blood and other body fluids.
Assess the whole situation before applying first aid techniques.
Provide reassurance.
Assess for and manage shock.

4. APPLYING A PRESSURE BANDAGE
Place a pad over the bleeding site and apply direct pressure.
If possible, try to bring the wound edges together.
Elevate the limb to assist in slowing the flow of blood.
When bleeding slows, apply a roller (elastic) bandage to the bleeding area.
Ensure that the bandage is firm enough to stop bleeding, but not too tight to stop blood supply to the limb.

5. -. Assess circulation below the level of the bandage
- Assess circulation below the level of the bandage using pulse, warmth, and colour. If casualty complains of tingling, numbness, or if there is a weak pulse or changes to colour and warmth, this indicates bandage is too tight and need loosening. - If bleeding continues through bandage – apply a firm second bandage over top of first. - If possible – elevate the limb.

6. FOREIGN OBJECT IN THE EYE
Remove any foreign bodies that can be dislodged quickly and easily with running water.
Pad and bandage the affected eye(s) shut and seek medical advice.
If foreign body is unable to be dislodged with running water
Place thick padding above and below the eye
Do not place any direct pressure over the eye or foreign object
Lie casualty flat on their back and keep head stable
Seek urgent medical help.

7. NOSE BLEED Lean the person forward.
Pinch the soft part of the nose, just below the bone for at least 10 minutes.
Apply a cold compress to the back of the neck, forehead, or bridge of the nose.
If heavy bleeding continues seek medical advice.

8. PENETRATING CHEST INJURY
Damage may have caused injury to the internal organs e.g. lungs and heart. There may be a hole in the chest with a sucking sound when casualty breathes.
If conscious:
Call 000
Place in a position of comfort – usually half sitting and leaning towards the injured side.
Place an airtight dressing over the wound hold and secure on three sides leaving bottom edge open
If the casualty’s breathing becomes more difficult after application immediately remove.
Closely monitor airway, breathing and signs of life
If unconscious:
DRABCD and call 000
Place casualty in the recovery position, laying on the injured side.
Closely monitor airway breathing and signs of life.

9. EMBEDDED OBJECT DRABCD Do not remove the object
Immobilise the object in the current position using a ring bandage or other method
Keep the area rested
Apply pressure around the object to control bleeding
Do not apply direct pressure over the object.
Seek medical advice or call 000

10. AMPUTATION
Manage the casualty’s bleeding with a firm pressure bandage and elevation
Do not clean the damaged area as this may cause further damage
Place the amputated body part in a sealed plastic bag or container.
Place the plastic bag or container in iced water
Do not allow the amputated part to come in direct contact with the water or ice
Manage shock and provide reassurance.
Call for help as soon as possible.
Ensure that the amputated body part is transported to the hospital with the casualty.

11. INTERNAL BLEEDING
A severe injury is likely to cause internal bleeding. Signs include:
Pain, tenderness and visible swelling at injury site.
Blood coming from a body opening e.g. mouth, ear or nose. From lungs – usually read and frothy. From stomach – may be brown and like coffee grounds.
Signs and symptoms of shock
Management includes:
DRABCD
Rest the casualty.
If possible lay the casualty down and elevate legs.
If the casualty is unconscious, place him or her in the recovery position.
Assess for and manage shock.
Provide reassurance.