1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

2. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.

3. Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” Color of hydrangea flowers varies depending on pH of soil Images from: http://www.gardensablaze.com/Shrubs/ShrubsHydrangea.htm

4. Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark colored fur on their extremities Allele that controls pigment production only functions at the lower temperatures Images from slide show by Tracy Nelson

5. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___

6. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

7. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between

8. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________

9. COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

10. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

11. CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side

12. CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

13. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm REMEMBER

14. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________

15. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

16. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

17. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

18. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

19. BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB

20. B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

21. A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

22. Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” DONOR BLOOD

23. A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

24. Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

25. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html A40% B10% AB4% O46%

26. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -

27. MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif MOM is _____ & BABY is _____

28. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this

29. Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ All other chromosomes = _________________ Humans have two sex chromosomes and _____ autosomes http://www.angelbabygifts.com/

30. SEX DETERMINATION XX = Xy =

31. Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y SO _____ determines sex of the baby. If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy X X X y

32. HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps.

33. HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ____________ of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding _____________ in ______ because it is X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia

34. COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. _________________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 1 in 10 males 1 in 100 females http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php

35. Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the disorder DEFECTIVE NORMAL They don’t Or

36. FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES Females have one normal gene that works. NORMALDEFECTIVE Females __________ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder

37. The X chromosome in males... flies WITHOUT a copilot!... there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

38. X-linked cross Dad is not colorblind Mom is colorblind What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl? XbXb XbXb XBXB y

39. Girls with this genotype: X B X b don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT.... They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

40. http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________

41. DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits) http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html

42. Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

43. MAKING A CROSS with ______________ traits = ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

44. Go to Section: Section 11-3 Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas

45. LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm

46. 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes

47. __ __ HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

48. __ __ HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

49. __ __ HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

50. 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype

51. HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS

52. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?

53. Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green

54. __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2

55. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

56. pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?    

57. Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?    

58. Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?    

59. Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?    