1. THE NORTH TRANSFORMED

2.  Early American cities were significantly smaller than other major cities throughout the world  By the 1800s, U.S. cities began to grow in size.  Industrial Revolution caused urbanization  As more factories were built, more people were attracted to the cities because of more job opportunities  New cities grew caused by overcrowding in the East GROWTH IN THE NORTH

3.  As cities grew so did problems.  Filthy streets (no sewage systems)  Fires were common (firefighters were poorly trained) PROBLEMS WITH URBANIZATION

4.  New inventions added to the growth of industries  Telegraph: invented by Samuel E.B. Morse  Sent electrical signals over a wire  Created a code (Morse Code)  1 st message was sent in 1844  Thousands of miles of wire was installed across the nation  Agricultural Inventions  Mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick) allowed wheat to be cultivated quicker  Manufacturing Inventions  Sewing machine (Elias Howe) allowed clothing to be made more efficient and less expensive NORTHERN INDUSTRY GROWS

5.  As transportation improved, factories could expand their markets  Robert Fulton—invented a steam engine for a boat  Used mostly for traveling on rivers  Clipper Ship—tall masted ships used to travel on the oceans. Fasted ships in the world at the time  Railroads—the most valuable of new transportation  Railroads could be built anywhere and travel during any season NEW TRANSPORTATION METHODS

6.  During the 1840s, America’s population skyrocketed because of immigration.  Western Europeans saw the U.S. as a place new opportunities  Irish immigrants—under the British rule, experienced a famine. Many were force to leave Ireland or die of starvation  German Immigrants—came to the U.S. when revolutions against leaders failed. Most settled in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes regions. MASS WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS

7.  Many feared the growing foreign population would take away jobs  A large group of Nativists formed  Wanted to keep country white American born Protestants  Some became known as the Know-Nothings (eventually became a political party) REACTIONS TOWARD IMMIGRANTS

8.  African Americans faced discrimination in the North  Denied the right to vote  Could not work in factories or skilled trades  Immigrants were preferred to be hired over African Americans AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE NORTH