1. Introduction: Climate Volatility and the Poor in Southern and Eastern Africa Will Martin Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 24 February, 2010 Supported by the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development

2. Why are we concerned? The poor in Africa are perhaps the most vulnerable to climate change What are the goals of this project? Understand the likely impacts on Tanzania – Through climate change, crop responses, economic impacts, household responses Consider policy responses to promote resilience

3. Interdisciplinary Research is Challenging!

4. 4 Welcome So you need great collaborators!

5. Carbon Emissions Impacts Policy Responses Adaptation Emissions Reduction Financing Natural Systems Human Systems

6. Climate Science Debate Detection: - Little doubt about global warming – despite recent cold weather in N. Hemisphere - Rise in atmospheric CO 2 also unambiguous, as are man-made contributions Attribution: -Much more complex - Making the connection from rising GHG concentrations to global warming/climate change requires a “counterfactual” experiment: what would the temperature be in absence add’l GHGs? - Hence need for climate models Not dissimilar to the problem faced by economists who cannot conduct controlled experiments. E.g., what was the impact of the Uruguay Round on Tanzania?

7. To measure impact of increased GHG releases on climate, calibrate model to track current climate with observed GHG, then run counterfactual without human GHG emissions: What lessons can we learn?

8. Source: IPCC, 2007

9. IPCC 2007: Key Points Africa Among most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability – aggravated by the interaction of ‘multiple stresses’, occurring at various levels, and low adaptive capacity. IPCC suggested that agricultural production and food security may be severely compromised – Crop yields likely to fall

10. World Bank Research World Development Report 2010 – 2°C warming by 2050=> 4-5% reduction in annual income per capita in Africa & S. Asia, vs global avg. GDP drop of 1% Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change: – Estimated cost between 2010-50 of adapting to ~2°C warmer world by 2050 = USD 75-100 billion a year – 7 country case studies, incl Ghana, Ethiopia, & Mozambique Development Prospects Group – Emission controls, border tax adjustments, agricultural productivity, distributional impacts Numerous other projects

11. Source: WDR, 2010

12. Key Points Tanzania IPCC (2007) focuses on water sector vulnerability – Interannual lake-level fluctuations and lake-level volatility owing to periods of intense droughts followed by extreme rainfall events especially in late 1997 (e.g., in Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria and Turkana). – Mt. Kilimanjaro (see figure)

13. Source: IPCC, 2007

14. Knowledge Gaps: Climate Volatility & Poverty Lobell et al (2008) and Battisti and Naylor (2009) – Extreme climate events will reduce agricultural output in the tropics & reduce food security in developing countries. – Food insecurity driven by declines in food production Primarily rain-fed agriculture makes Tanzania especially vulnerable – only 2 percent of arable land has irrigation facilities Majority of the poor live in rural areas where agriculture is the dominant economic activity – Poor consumers are very vulnerable to food price rises Few Tanzania-focused analyses of climate impacts on economy or poverty

15. How does this project contribute to filling knowledge gaps? Tanzania focus Focus on climate volatility & extremes Integrated analytical framework: climate volatility-crop modeling-economic simulation High resolution climate modeling for Africa Statistical & simulation based crop response Poverty impacts at global, national, & subnational levels

16. Percentage Change in Intensity of 1 in 30 Year Extreme Dry Spell, 1971-2001 vs 2070-99 Source: Diffenbaugh, forthcoming

17. Precipitation: Averages & Trends Source: Rowhani et al

18. Analytical Framework 18 CLIMATE ANALYSIS STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF CROP YIELDS GLOBAL ECONOMIC SIMULATION MODEL HOUSEHOLD MODEL GRAIN YIELD PREDICTIONS temperature & precipitation, from General Circulation Models Predicted changes in crop output, current + future climate changes in prices & wages from simulation results POVERTY IMPACTS Parallel biophysical simulation modeling ECONOMIC IMPACTS NATIONAL ECONOMIC SIMULATION MODEL

19. State of Play Fundamental analyses completed – Survey of the relevant literature – Projections of changes in climate & volatility – Estimated crop responses to climate change – Impacts on poverty world wide & in Tanzania – Regional impacts on poverty within Tanzania Your feedback and input sought – Especially on how best to contribute to policy

20. Today’s Presentations 1.Tom Hertel: Review of the science and economics of climate change, agriculture and poverty 2.Syud Amer Ahmed: Global analyses of climate volatility & poverty, adaptation potential of trade 3.Channing Arndt: Impacts of climate change at the regional level in Tanzania