1. U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Abrupt Climate Change: Responses and Impacts Dr. Thomas R. Armstrong Senior Advisor, Global Change USGS Dr. Thomas R. Armstrong Senior Advisor, Global Change USGS

2. Modeling the Future Source: IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis

3. Climate Change: Natural vs. Anthropogenic Source: IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis

4. Abrupt Climate Change: The Past 20,000 Years -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 05101520 Temperature in Central Greenland (C) Thousands of years before present 10°C (18 °F) increase in several decades at end of Younger Dryas interval (YD) Alley, 2000 warmer colder YD Vikings Leave Small changes in temperature can lead to significant local human impacts Big temperature changes have occurred rapidly that could have significant global impacts Vikings to Greenland

5. Abrupt Climate Change: The Past 400,000 Years Lower, red line = temperature Upper, blue line = CO 2 level Current CO 2

6. Some Responses to Abrupt Climate Change Strong StormsSea Level Rise FloodsDrought Habitat Change

7. Climate Change, Sea Ice Loss, and Polar Bear Habitat State of Knowledge Sea Ice: General Circulation Model Projections and Observed Record Significant loss of polar bear habitat (red)

8. Response to Climate Change Projected Permafrost Degradation by 2100

9. Since the last glacial maximum (  20,000 b.p.): Since the last glacial maximum (  20,000 b.p.):  past 100 years - 1.0 - 2.0mm/yr  sea level has risen 120 m (400 ft) Low lying coastal areas are prone to more frequent inundation As sea level rises, flooding, erosion, and salt water intrusion will accelerate Low lying coastal areas are prone to more frequent inundation As sea level rises, flooding, erosion, and salt water intrusion will accelerate Two factors: increased meltwater and thermal expansion As the Earth Warms, Sea-Level Rises

10. Future Science Challenges  Forecasting changes in state  Forecasting accelerated rates  Linkages between state change and system response  System thresholds and their triggers  Adaptation and mitigation strategies

11. The Vision – A National Climate Effects Network An integrated National climate effect monitoring network capable at a range of scales. An integrated National climate effect monitoring network capable at a range of scales. Focus on early detection and forecasting in support of adaptation or mitigation strategies. Focus on early detection and forecasting in support of adaptation or mitigation strategies. An information dissemination and decision support system. An information dissemination and decision support system. The capacity for the next generation to protect and sustain our National trust resources through early detection of change. The capacity for the next generation to protect and sustain our National trust resources through early detection of change.