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Was Martin Luther right to rebel against the Catholic Church and form a new religion? Essential Question:
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Directions Write down text in cream. Don’t write down text in yellow.
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The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c
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Martin Luther Born 1483 Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany
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Selling of Indulgences 1530 Depiction of Selling Indulgences Pope Leo X started practice –certificates issued by Church to reduce or cancel punishment of sins Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences –
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Calls for Reform John Wycliffe (1330-1384) –Questioned the authority of the pope Jan Hus (1370-1415) –Criticized the vast wealth of the Church Erasmus (1469-1536) –Attacked corruption in the Church
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Luther Posts The 95 Theses 1517 Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of Church Criticized Indulgences & church corruption
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Luther’s Ideas Collection of Martin Luther’s Writings, 1581
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Luther’s Different Accounts Young Martin Luther Old Martin Luther
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Reformation Spreads Gutenberg’s printing press spreads ideas Indulgences sales drop Luther continued attacks
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16 th Century Europe: The Reformation Europe in 1560
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Response From Rome Pope Leo X sent envoys to end uprising Luther refused to stop his criticism In 1521 the Pope excommunicated Luther
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Diet of Worms Council of German princes Luther declared a heretic & outlaw
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Peasant Revolt in 1525 Luther backed princes Princes support Luther against Pope
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Catholic Lutheran Faith and Good Works Ritual and Tradition Pope Language – Latin Faith alone literal interpretation of bible Did not recognize authority of Pope Language – German
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The Spread of Lutheranism
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Calvin Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination – God determines the fate of every person Popular in Netherlands & Scotland
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Calvin’s World in the 16 c
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The Anabaptists Baptized adults No participation in government Pacifists Persecuted went to America in 1600’s Quakers, Baptists, Mennonites, Amish
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The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
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The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III Council of Trent 1545-1563
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Protestant Churches in France (Late 16 c )
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Religious Persecution Jesuits – religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola missionaries Inquisition tortured unfaithful
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)
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Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. In 1598: Granted religious rights to Huguenots Edict of Nantes
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Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)
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Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
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Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT must permit freedom of private worship.
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Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )
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Effects of Reformation Division within Christian faith Religious Wars—30 Years War Religious Persecution--Inquisition Began Separation of Church & State
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