1. PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Gary A. Beluzo WATER RESOURCES 18

2. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Explain how linkages between surface water and ground water constrain human efforts to increase water supply. Explain the effects of overdrafts on water supply in particular and the environment in general. Explain how the hydrological cycle contributes to the potential for conflict over water. Describe why the ability to buy and sell permits to emit water pollutants could severely reduce the effectiveness of the Clean Water Act. Explain how the supply and cleanliness of water supplies affect economic development. After reading this chapter, students will be able to

3. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company The Legend of Ubar “Atlantis of the Sands” Only source of water for hundreds of kilometers Was Ubar just a myth? Ubar destroyed in a single night If true, the city disappeared between 300 and 500 AD NASA satellite images highlighted an ancient road network Excavation revealed the entire city Water well located on limestone shelf; earthquake swallowed the city.

4. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company The Hydrologic Cycle

5. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Infiltration

6. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ogallala Aquifer Aquifer Ground water Ground water discharge Ground water recharge

7. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company The Continental Divide Continental Divide Runoff Drainage basin or watershed

8. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company The Colorado River

9. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Groundwater

10. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Water Use Waterworks Offstream uses Withdrawals Discharge Consumption

11. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Water Withdrawal in the U.S.

12. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Offstream Water Uses Municipal Water Use Households, businesses, government Drinking, sanitation, bathing, and cooking Agriculture Largest user (2/3 of use globally) irrigation Energy Thermoelectric power Industry Raw material Most water use non-consumptive

13. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Instream Water Use Ecological Services Water Transport Hydroelectric Energy Recreation

14. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Threats to Sustainable Supply Discharge Water pollution Absolute water scarcity

15. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Diverting Surface Waters

16. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Mining Ground Water

17. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Saltwater Intrusion

18. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Overdrafts

19. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Domestic and Municipal Sewage Sewage Pathogens Fecal coliform count World Health Organization Organic wastes Chemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical Oxygen Demand Dissolved Oxygen Deficit

20. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Oxygen Sag Curve

21. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Industrial Water Pollutants Sediments Heavy metals Xenobiotics Organic compounds synthesized by humans Relatively resistant to organic decay

22. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Agricultural Water Pollutants Nonpoint pollutants persistence Half-life Sorption

23. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Water and Conflict

24. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Market for Water Riparian water rights Prior appropriation doctrine Reasonable use doctrine Rule of absolute ownership Correlative rights doctrine Privatization

25. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Increasing Efficiency

26. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Controlling Water Pollution Clean Water Act Fishable (1983) Swimmable (1985) Best Practicable Control Technology (by 1977) Best Available Technology (by 1989)

27. Copyright © 2007 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Municipal Waste Treatment Primary Treatment Removes large solids using mechanical techniques Secondary Treatment Reduces number of pathogens Accelerates decomposition of organic wastes by bacteria Tertiary Treatment Separates undecomposed inorganic nutrients