1. Emissions by Household Type Anne Jennings, Sean Lyons & Richard S.J. Tol Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Trinity College, Dublin

2. Introduction Different households behave differently and thus exert different pressure on the environment Part of that is random / due to unobserved characteristics, but there is also systematic variation with household type Understanding these patterns helps to improve projections of future emissions and to assess the distributional implications of environmental policy

3. Method and data: Direct emissions Energy use by fuel from Household Budget Survey Emission coefficients from SEAI or DEFRA No correction for type, age, or state of equipment (as no data)

4. Method: Indirect emissions Standard input output model -1 X = (I-A) -1 y = Ly Emissions M = RX = RLy Decomposition of final demand y = y(1) + y(2) + … + y(n) Decomposition of emissions M = M(1) + M(2) + … + M(n) = RLy(1) + RLy(2) + … + RLy(n)

5. Data: Indirect emissions Input-output tables: CSO Emissions: ESRI (derived from CSO, EPA, SEAI) Consumer demand by household type: CSO

11. Household income

12. Household size

13. Household size and income IncomeMinimumMaximum DirectBenzo(b)fluoranthene (air) 0.15 NOx (air) 1.64 IndirectHCB (water) 2.35 NMVOC (air) 3.56 SizeMinimumMaximum DirectNMVOC (air) 0.27 NOx (air) 0.60 IndirectPCB (land) 0.62 Dioxin (water) 0.70

14. Volatile organic compounds (air)Hexachlorobenzene (water) Benzo(b)fluoranthene (air) Nitrogen oxides (air) Income

15. Volatile organic compounds (air)Nitrogen oxides (air) Size Polychlorinated biphenyl (land) Dioxins (water)

16. Conclusions We imputed direct and indirect emissions by household type There are marked patterns in both direct and indirect emissions Different patterns between direct and indirect emissions Similar patters for different substances, but details can be very different The impact of environmental policy is differentiated between households