1. 55 陳冠博 62 陳夢蝶 指導老師 : 周淑娥 助教 : 徐永強

2.  Mental Deterioration/ Dementia  Age related= 10% at age 65, 35% at age 85  Symptoms:  Confusion  Memory loss + can’t acquire new memories  Language breakdown  Unable to recognize people> Suspicion + Hostility  Gradual loss of function (motor) > difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking

3. Hippocampus

4. Patient’s brain tissues have decreased number of neurons and synapse. Plaques ： abnormal proteins that form between neurons tangles ： irregular proteins that form within the neurons

5. Cause of Plaques APP α andβSecretase α and γSecretase Aβ40 Aβ42 Easily dissociate Plaques Difficult to dissociate

6. Neurofibrillary Tangles-- Tauopahty Neuron’s transport system collapse Microtubules disintegrate Form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies Hyperphosphrylate tau pairs with other tau

7. Neuron’s transport system collapse Axonal transport disruptions Age-related myelin breakdown Microtubules disintegrate

8. Neuron deaths Shrinkage of tissue Hard to identify while alive  Postmortem( 屍檢 ) finding can identify Alzheimer’s: 1. Amyloid plaque 2. Neurofibriallary tangles CURES? No cure. Only drugs to relieve symptoms> - anti-acetylcholiesterase - Memantine(Namenda)

9.  Age related= 1% at age 65, 5% at age 85  Motor Disorder  Symptoms  Resting tremor  Bradykinesia  Rigidity +Flexed posture -> postural instability  Shuffling gait  Forward-flexed posture when walking  Mask-like face, small handwriting

10. Cause:  Neurons in the midbrain that normally release dopamine at synapse of basal nuclei and substantia nigra died  Detailed version  alpha-synuclein (SNCA) + ubiquitin= lewy bodies= accumulate Cure? No cure.  Attempts= brain surgery, deep-brain stimulation, L-dopa, and dopamine-secreting neuron implantation.

11. Levodopa) L-dopa (Levodopa)  L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)  naturally-occurring dietary supplement and psychoactive drug found in certain kinds of food and herbs  synthesized from L-tyrosine in the mammalian body and brain> enter CNS> converted to dopamine  L-DOPA can cross blood-brain barrier, but dopamine cannot

12.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_bodies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_bodies  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disea se http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disea se  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disea se http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disea se

13. Thank you for your attention