1. 1 Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 3 “…it has been calculated that the number of possible permutations and combinations of brain activity,..exceeds the number of elementary particles in the known universe.” Ramachandran in A Brief Tour Of Human Consciousness

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3. 3 Neuroscience and Behavior Overview Neural Communication  Neurons  How Neurons Communicate  How Neurotransmitters Influence Us The Nervous System  The Peripheral Nervous System  The Central Nervous System The Endocrine System

4. 4 History of Mind In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. Phrenology Bettman/ Corbis

5. 5 Neural Communication Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information.

6. 6 Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.

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8. 8 The Neuron

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11. 11 Myelin sheath “Practice makes Myelin, Myelin makes perfect.” Specialized Glial cells Acts as an electrical insulator Not present on all cells Increases the speed of neural signals down the axon. Myelin Sheath Parts of a Neuron link.50link

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14. 14 How neurons communicate Neurons communicate by means of an electrical signal called the Action Potential Action Potentials are based on movements of ions between the outside and inside of the cell ….. Resting potential -70mv

15. 15 Action Potential Neural impulse: When an AP occurs a molecular message is sent to neighboring neurons Sodium Na+, Potassium K+, Chlorine Cl-

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17. 17 Threshold Threshold: When the excitatory signals exceed a minimum intensity the neuron fires an action potential.

18. 18 Action Potential Properties All-or-None Response: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed. Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon.

19. 19 Synapse Synapse: a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

20. 20 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron.

21. 21 Reuptake Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed through the process of reuptake.

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24. 24 The body’s Chemical Messengers Neurotransmitters Hormones Neurohormones

25. 25 Some Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine Endorphins GABA Glutamate Neurotransmitter song

26. 26 Acetylcholine (ACh) Found in neuromuscular junction Involved in muscle movements My muscles AChe…get it…

27. 27 Disruption of Ach Functioning Curare - blocks ACh receptors –paralysis results Nerve gases and Black Widow spider venom - too much ACh leads to severe muscle spasms and possible death Nicotine works on ACh receptors –can artificially stimulate skeletal muscles, leading to slight, trembling movements

28. 28 Alzheimer’s Disease Deterioration of memory, reasoning, and language skills Symptoms may be due to loss of ACh neurons A=A

29. 29 Serotonin Serotonin is involved with mood regulation. Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect (blocking reuptake) LSD and Seratonin at Nat Geo LSD and Seratonin at Nat Geo 2:21

30. 30 Dopamine Important for movement, rewards & pleasure. Involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Link dopamine flood at Nat GeoLink dopamine flood at Nat Geo 3:44

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33. 33 Norepinephrine Arousal Sympathetic nervous system “Fight or flight” response Wakefulness, sleep Learning Mood regulation

34. 34 Endorphins Control pain and pleasure Released in response to pain Morphine and codeine work on endorphin receptors Runner’s High… Or End pain..

35. 35 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS when you sleep Benzodiazepines (which include tranquilizers such as Valium) and alcohol work on GABA receptors

36. 36 Glutamate Major excitatory neurotransmitter Too much glutamate (and too little GABA) associated with epileptic seizures Involved w/memory Glutes are exciting…

37. 37 Neurotransmitter pathways

38. 38 Lock & Key Mechanism Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.

39. 39 Agonists

40. 40 Antagonists

41. 41 The Nervous System Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.

42. 42 Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

43. 43 Kinds of Neurons Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons.

44. 44 Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Simple Reflex

45. 45 The Nerves Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous system.

46. 46 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.

47. 47 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy….HOMEOSTASIS

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49. 49 Central Nervous System The Brain and Neural Networks Complex Neural Network Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain.

50. 50 The Endocrine System Endocrine System: Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a variety of glands.

51. 51 Hormones Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.

52. 52 Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters Distance traveled between release and target sites Speed of communication

53. 53 Pituitary Gland – “the Master gland” Regulates other glands and governs water and salt balance.

54. 54 The effects of the pituitary are clearly shown here. Entertainer David Frost stands between the world’s tallest and smallest man. The tallest man in history was 8 feet 11 inches tall. He died at the age of 22, partly as a result of this defect. The shortest known person was 23 inches tall when she died at the age of 19. Today’s medicines can handle most of these problems if caught earlier enough, but these cases show what happen if the pituitary gland goes awry.

55. 55 Tallest man http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zL_nklb ytbYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zL_nklb ytbY Smallest man http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyJOO S6raQwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyJOO S6raQw Tallest woman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0V_8Z XZyzMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0V_8Z XZyzM Gigantism at National Geographic 44:55

56. 56 Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, and regulate salt and carbohydrate metabolism.

57. 57 Endocrine Glands Thyroid gland – metabolism, calcium Pineal gland - sleep and wakefulness Pancreas - regulates blood sugar level Ovaries and testes - secrete sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

58. 58 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008

59. 59 Slides removed from ppt pending deletion.

60. 60 Altering neurons with light at ted talks 18:24Altering neurons with light Recording neuronal activity at ted talks 17:35Recording neuronal activity

61. 61 The cell body –Round, centrally located structure –Directs metabolism –No role in neural signaling Contains the cell’s Nucleus

62. 62 Dendrites Information collectors Receive inputs from neighboring neurons If threshold is reached the AXON will generate an output

63. 63 Dendritic Growth Dendrites can form new connections Provides room for more connections to other neurons New connections are basis for learning!

64. 64 Axon The cell’s output structure One axon per cell, 2 distinct parts –tubelike structure, terminal branches at end that connect to dendrites of other cells

65. 65 Parkinson’s Disease Results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons Symptoms include –difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements –tremors at rest –stooped posture –rigidity –poor balance

66. 66 Parkinson’s Disease Treatments –L-dopa –transplants of fetal dopamine-producing substantia nigra cells –adrenal gland transplants –electrical stimulation of the thalamus has been used to stop tremors

67. 67 Oliver Sacks: “Awakenings” Patients had suffered from encephalitis lethargica decades earlier Patients were in a frozen or semi-frozen state Encephalitis lethargica causes the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

68. 68 Sacks: Results Patients “awoke” from their frozen states L-Dopa zSacks administered the experimental drug L-Dopa

69. 69 Sacks: Results & Legacy L-Dopa lost its effectiveness, and patients returned to their frozen state The experiment showed the relationship between encephalitis lethargica and dopamine and between encephalitis lethargica and Parkinson’s disease Showed how medicine can affect behavior