1. Chapter 8 Analytical Geometry
Copyright © 2014, Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Section 8.2 The Parabola Define a parabola geometrically.
Find an equation of a parabola.
Translate a parabola.
Use the reflecting property of parabolas.

3. PARABOLA
Let l be a line and F a point in the plane not on the line l. The the set of all points P in the plane that are the same distance from F as they are from the line l is called a parabola.
Thus, a parabola is the set of all points P for which d(F, P) = d(P, l), where d(P, l) denotes the distance between P and l.

4. PARABOLA Point F is the focus.
Line l is the directrix.
Point F is the focus.
the directrix is the axis or axis of symmetry.
The line through the focus, perpendicular to
The point at which the axis intersects the parabola is the vertex.

5. EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
The equation y2 = 4ax is called the standard equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and focus (a, 0). Similarly, if the focus of a parabola is placed on the negative x-axis, we obtain the equation y2 = – 4ax as the standard equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and focus (–a, 0).

6. EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
By interchanging the roles of x and y, we find that the equation x2 = 4ay is the standard equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and focus (0, a). Similarly, if the focus of a parabola is placed on the negative x-axis, we obtain the equation x2 = – 4ay as the standard equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and focus (0, –a).

7. MAIN FACTS ABOUT A PARABOLA WITH a > 0

8. MAIN FACTS ABOUT A PARABOLA WITH a > 0

9. MAIN FACTS ABOUT A PARABOLA WITH a > 0

10. MAIN FACTS ABOUT A PARABOLA WITH a > 0

11. MAIN FACTS ABOUT A PARABOLA WITH a > 0

12. MAIN FACTS ABOUT A PARABOLA WITH a > 0

13. Example: Graphing a Parabola
Graph each parabola and specify the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis.
a. x2 = −8y b. y2 = 5x
a. The equation x2 = −8y has the standard form x2 = −4ay; so

14. Example: Graphing a Parabola
The parabola opens down. The vertex is the origin, and the focus is (0, −2). The directrix is the horizontal line y = 2; the axis of the parabola is the y-axis.
Since the focus is (0, −2) substitute y = −2 in the equation x2 = −8y of the parabola to obtain

15. Example: Graphing a Parabola
Thus, the points (4, −2) and (−4, −2) are two symmetric points on the parabola to the right and the left of the focus.

16. Example: Graphing a Parabola
b. The equation y2 = 5x has the standard form y2 = 4ax.
The parabola opens to the right. The vertex is the origin, and the focus is The directrix is the vertical line the axis of the parabola is the x-axis.

17. Example: Graphing a Parabola
To find two symmetric points on the parabola that are above and below the focus, substitute in the equation of the parabola.

18. Example: Graphing a Parabola
Plot the two additional points and
on the parabola.

19. LATUS RECTUM
The line segment passing through the focus of a parabola, perpendicular to the axis, and having endpoints on the parabola is called the latus rectum of the parabola.
The following figures show that the length of the latus rectum for the graphs of y2 = ±4ax and x2 = ±4ay for a > 0 is 4a.

20. LATUS RECTUM

21. LATUS RECTUM

22. Example: Finding the Equation of a Parabola
Find the standard equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and satisfying the given description.
a. The focus is (–3, 0).
b. The axis of the parabola is the y-axis, and the graph passes through the point (–4, 2).
a. Vertex (0, 0) and focus (–3, 0) are both on the x-axis, so parabola opens left and the equation has the form y2 = – 4ax with a = 3.
The equation is

23. Example: Finding the Equation of a Parabola
b. Vertex is (0, 0), axis is the y-axis, and the point (–4, 2) is above the x-axis, so parabola opens up and the equation has the form x2 = – 4ay and x = –4 and y = 2 can be substituted in to obtain
The equation is

24. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0
Standard Equation
(y – k)2 = 4a(x – h)
Equation of axis
y = k
Description
Opens right
Vertex
(h, k)
Focus
(h + a, k)
Directrix
x = h – a

25. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0

26. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0
Standard Equation
(y – k)2 = –4a(x – h)
Equation of axis
y = k
Description
Opens left
Vertex
(h, k)
Focus
(h – a, k)
Directrix
x = h + a

27. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0

28. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0
Standard Equation
(x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
Equation of axis
x = h
Description
Opens up
Vertex
(h, k)
Focus
(h, k + a)
Directrix
y = k – a

29. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0

30. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0
Standard Equation
(x – h)2 = – 4a(y – k)
Equation of axis
x = h
Description
Opens down
Vertex
(h, k)
Focus
(h, k – a)
Directrix
y = k + a

31. Main facts about a parabola with vertex (h, k) and a > 0

32. Example: Graphing a Parabola
Find the vertex, focus, and the directrix of the parabola 2y2 – 8y – x + 7 = 0. Sketch the graph of the parabola.
Complete the square on y.

33. Example: Graphing a Parabola
Compare with the standard
form
We have h = –1, k = 2, and
Vertex: (h, k) = (–1, 2)
Focus: (h + a, k) =
Directrix: x = h – a =

34. Example: Graphing a Parabola

35. REFLECTING PROPERTY OF PARABOLAS
A property of parabolas that is useful in applications is the reflecting property: If a reflecting surface has parabolic cross sections with a common focus, then all light rays entering the surface parallel to the axis will be reflected through the focus.
This property is used in reflecting telescopes and satellite antennas, because the light rays or radio waves bouncing off a parabolic surface are reflected to the focus, where they are collected and amplified. (See next slide.)

36. REFLECTING PROPERTY OF PARABOLAS

37. REFLECTING PROPERTY OF PARABOLAS
Conversely, if a light source is located at the focus of a parabolic reflector, the reflected rays will form a beam parallel to the axis. This principle is used in flashlights, searchlights, and other such devices. (See next slide.)

38. REFLECTING PROPERTY OF PARABOLAS

39. Example: Calculating Some Properties of the Hubble Space Telescope
The parabolic mirror used in the Hubble Space Telescope has a diameter of 94.5 inches. Find the equation of the parabola if its focus is 2304 inches from the vertex. What is the thickness of the mirror at the edges?
(Not to scale)

40. Example: Calculating Some Properties of the Hubble Space Telescope
Position the parabola so that its vertex is at the origin and its focus is on the positive y-axis. The equation of the parabola is of the form

41. Example: Calculating Some Properties of the Hubble Space Telescope
To find the thickness y of the mirror at the edge, substitute x = (half the diameter) in the equation x2 = 9216y and solve for y.
Thus, the thickness of the mirror at the edges is approximately inch.

42. Section 8.3 The Ellipse Define an ellipse.
Find an equation of an ellipse.
Translate ellipses.
Use ellipses in applications.

43. ELLIPSE
An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points is a constant.
The fixed points are called the foci (the plural of focus) of the ellipse.

44. ELLIPSE

45. EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE
is the standard form of the equation of an ellipse with center (0, 0) and foci (–c, 0) and (c, 0), where b2 = a2 – c2.

46. EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE
Similarly, by reversing the roles of x and y, an equation of the ellipse with center (0, 0) and foci
(0, −c) and (0, c) and on the y-axis is given by .

47. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ELLIPSES
If the major axis of an ellipse is along or parallel to the x-axis, the ellipse is called a horizontal ellipse, while an ellipse with major axis along or parallel to the y-axis is called a vertical ellipse.

48. MAIN FACTS ABOUT AN ELLIPSE WITH CENTER (0, 0)

49. MAIN FACTS ABOUT AN ELLIPSE WITH CENTER (0, 0)

50. MAIN FACTS ABOUT AN ELLIPSE WITH CENTER (0, 0)

51. MAIN FACTS ABOUT AN ELLIPSE WITH CENTER (0, 0)

52. MAIN FACTS ABOUT AN ELLIPSE WITH CENTER (0, 0)

53. MAIN FACTS ABOUT AN ELLIPSE WITH CENTER (0, 0)

54. Example: Finding an Equations of an Ellipse
Find the standard form of the equation of the ellipse that has vertex (5, 0) and foci (±4, 0).
Since the foci are (−4, 0) and (4, 0) the major axis is on the x-axis. We know c = 4 and a = 5; find b2.
Substituting into the standard equation, we get .

55. Example: Graphing an Ellipse
Sketch a graph of the ellipse whose equation is x2 + 4y2 = 36. Find the foci of the ellipse.
First, write the equation in standard form:

56. Example: Graphing an Ellipse
Because the denominator in the y2-term is larger than the denominator in the x2-term, the ellipse is a vertical ellipse.
Here a2 = 9 and b2 = 4, so c2 = a2 – b2 = 5.
Vertices: (0, ±3)
Foci:
Length of major axis: 6
Length of minor axis: 4

57. TRANSLATIONS OF ELLIPSES
Horizontal and vertical shifts can be used to obtain the graph of an ellipse whose equation is
The center of such an ellipse is (h, k), and its major axis is parallel to a coordinate axis.

58. Main facts about horizontal ellipses with center (h, k)
Standard Equation
Center
(h, k)
Major axis along the line
y = k
Length of major axis 2a
Minor axis along the line
x = h
Length of minor axis 2b

59. Main facts about horizontal ellipses with center (h, k)
Vertices
(h + a, k), (h – a, k)
Endpoints of minor axis
(h, k – b), (h, k + b)
Foci
(h + c, k), (h – c, k)
Equation involving
a, b, and c
c2 = a2 – b2
Symmetry
The graph is symmetric about the lines x = h and y = k.

60. Graphs of horizontal ellipses

61. Main facts about vertical ellipses with center (h, k)
Standard Equation
Center
(h, k)
Major axis along the line
x = h
Length major axis 2a
Minor axis along the line
y = k
Length minor axis 2b

62. Main facts about vertical ellipses with center (h, k)
Vertices
(h, k + a), (h, k – a)
Endpoints of minor axis
(h – b, k), (h + b, k)
Foci
(h, k + c), (h, k – c)
Equation involving
a, b, c
c2 = a2 – b2
Symmetry
The graph is symmetric about the lines x = h and y = k

63. Graphs of vertical ellipses

64. Example: Finding the Equation of an Ellipse
Find an equation of the ellipse that has foci (–3, 2) and (5, 2), and has a major axis of length 10.
Foci lie on the line y = 2, so horizontal ellipse.
Center is midpoint of foci
Length major axis =10, vertices at a distance of a = 5 units from the center.
Foci at a distance of c = 4 units from the center.

65. Example: Finding the Equation of an Ellipse
Use b2 = a2 – c2 to obtain b2.
b2 = (5)2 – (4)2 = 25 – 16 = 9 to obtain b2.
Major axis is horizontal so standard form is
Replace: h = 1, k = 2, a2 = 25, b2 = 9
Center: (1, 2) a = 5, b = 3, c = 4

66. Example: Finding the Equation of an Ellipse
Vertices: (h ± a, k) = (1 ± 5, 2) = (–4, 2) and (6, 2)
Endpoints minor axis: (h, k ± b) = (1, 2 ± 3)
= (1, –1) and (1, 5)

67. Example: Converting to Standard Form
Find the center, vertices, and foci of the ellipse with equation 3x2 + 4y2 +12x – 8y – 32 = 0.
Complete squares on x and y.

68. Example: Converting to Standard Form
This is standard form. Center: (–2, 1), a2 = 16, b2 = 12, and c2 = a2 – b2 = 16 – 12 = 4. Thus, a = 4,
and c = 2.
Length of major axis is 2a = 8.
Length of minor axis is

69. Example: Converting to Standard Form
Center: (h, k) = (–2, 1)
Foci: (h ± c, k) = (–2 ± 2, 1) = (–4, 1) and (0, 1)
Vertices: (h ± a, k) = (–2 ± 4, 1)
= (–6, 1) and (2, 1)
Endpoints of minor axis:

70. Example: Converting to Standard Form

71. APPLICATIONS OF ELLIPSES
1. The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus.
2. Newton reasoned that comets move in elliptical orbits about the sun.
3. We can calculate the distance traveled by a planet in one orbit around the sun.
4. The reflecting property for an ellipse says that a ray of light originating at one focus will be reflected to the other focus.

72. REFLECTING PROPERTY OF ELLIPSES

73. Example: Lithotripsy
An elliptical water tank has a major axis of length 6 feet and a minor axis of length 4 feet.
The source of high-energy shock waves from a lithotripter is placed at one focus of the tank.
To smash the kidney stone of a patient, how far should the stone be positioned from the source?

74. Example: Lithotripsy
Since the length of the major axis of the ellipse is 6 feet, we have 2a = 6; so a = 3.
Similarly, the minor axis of 4 feet gives 2b = 4 or b = 2. To find c, we use the equation c2 = a2 – b2. We have
c2 = 32 – 22 = 5. Therefore,

75. Example: Lithotripsy
If we position the center of ellipse at (0, 0) and the major axis along the x-axis, then the foci of the ellipse are and
The distance between these foci is
≈ feet. The kidney stone should be positioned feet from the source of the shock waves.

76. Section 8.4 The Hyperbola Define a hyperbola.
Find the asymptotes of a hyperbola.
Graph a hyperbola.
Translate hyperbolas.

77. HYPERBOLA
A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose distances from two fixed points is constant.
The fixed points are called the foci of the hyperbola.

78. HYPERBOLA
Here is a hyperbola in standard position, with foci F1(–c, 0) and F2(c, 0) on the x-axis at equal distances from the origin. The two parts of the hyperbola are called branches.

79. EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA
is called the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with center (0, 0).
The x-intercepts are −a and a. The points corresponding to these x-intercepts are the vertices of the hyperbola.

80. PARTS OF A HYPERBOLA
The line segment joining the two vertices is the transverse axis. The center is the midpoint of the transverse axis. The line segment joining (0, –b) and (0, b) is the conjugate axis.

81. EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA
Similarly, an equation of a hyperbola with center (0, 0) and foci (0, –c) and (0, c) on the y-axis is given by:
Here the vertices are (0, − a) and (0, a). The transverse axis of length 2a of the graph of the equation lies on the y-axis, and its conjugate axis is the segment joining the points (−b, 0) and (0, b) of length 2b that lies on the x-axis.

82. MAIN FACTS ABOUT HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (0, 0)

83. MAIN FACTS ABOUT HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (0, 0)

84. MAIN FACTS ABOUT HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (0, 0)

85. MAIN FACTS ABOUT HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (0, 0)

86. MAIN FACTS ABOUT HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (0, 0)

87. MAIN FACTS ABOUT HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (0, 0)

88. Example: Determining the Orientation of a Hyperbola
Does the hyperbola have its transverse axis on the x-axis or y-axis?
The orientation (left–right branches or up–down branches) of a hyperbola is determined
by noting where the minus sign occurs in the standard equation.
In the equation in this example, the minus sign precedes the y2-term, so the transverse axis is on the x-axis.

89. Example: Finding the Vertices and Foci from the Equation of a Hyperbola
Find the vertices and foci for the hyperbola
28y2 – 36x2 = 63.
First, convert the equation to the standard form.

90. Example: Finding the Vertices and Foci from the Equation of a Hyperbola
Since the coefficient of x2 is negative, the transverse axis lies on the y-axis.
and
and therefore

91. Example: Finding the Vertices and Foci from the Equation of a Hyperbola
Since we require a > 0 and c > 0, and c = 2.
The vertices of the hyperbola are and
The foci of the hyperbola are (0, −2) and (0, 2).

92. Example: Finding the Equation of a Hyperbola
Find the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with vertices (±4, 0) and foci (±5, 0).
Since the foci of the hyperbola are on the x-axis, the transverse axis lies on the x-axis.
The center of the hyperbola is midway between the foci, at (0, 0). The standard form of such a hyperbola is

93. Example: Finding the Equation of a Hyperbola
The distance a between the center (0, 0) to either vertex, (−4, 0) or (4, 0) is 4; so a = 4 and a2 = 16.
The distance c between the center to either focus, (5, 0) or (−5, 0) is 5; so c = 5 and c2 = 25.
Use b2 = c2 – a2: b2 = 25 − 16 = 9.
Substitute a2 = 16 and b2 = 9 into the standard
form to get

94. THE ASYMPTOTES OF A HYPERBOLA WITH CENTER (0, 0)
1. The graph of the hyperbola has
transverse axis along the x-axis and has the following two asymptotes:

95. THE ASYMPTOTES OF A HYPERBOLA WITH CENTER (0, 0)
2. The graph of the hyperbola has
transverse axis along the y-axis and has the following two asymptotes:

96. Example: Finding the Asymptotes of a Hyperbola
Determine the asymptotes of each hyperbola.
a. The hyperbola is of the form so a = 2 and b = 3.
Substituting these values into and
we get the asymptotes

97. Example: Finding the Asymptotes of a Hyperbola
b. The hyperbola has the form so a = 3 and b = 4.
Substituting these values into and we get the asymptotes

98. PROCEDURE FOR GRAPHING A HYPERBOLA CENTERED AT (0, 0)
Step 1 Write the equation in standard form.
Determine transverse axis and the orientation of the hyperbola.
Step 2 Locate vertices and the endpoints of
the conjugate axis.
Step 3 Lightly sketch the fundamental rectangle by drawing dashed lines parallel to the coordinate axes through the points in Step 2.

99. PROCEDURE FOR GRAPHING A HYPERBOLA CENTERED AT (0, 0)
Step 4 Sketch the asymptotes. Extend the
diagonals of the fundamental rectangle. These are the asymptotes.
Step 5 Sketch the graph. Draw both branches
of the hyperbola through the vertices, approaching the asymptotes. The foci are located on the transverse axis, c units from the center, where c2 = a2 + b2.

100. MAIN PROPERTIES OF HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (h, k)
Standard Equation
a > 0, b > 0
Equation of transverse axis
y = k
Length of transverse axis 2a
Equation of conjugate axis
x = h
Length of conjugate axis 2b
Center
(h, k)

101. MAIN PROPERTIES OF HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (h, k)
Vertices
(h − a, k), (h + a, k)
Endpoints of conjugate axis
(h, k − b), (h, k + b)
Foci
(h − c, k), (h + c, k)
Equation involving
a, b, and c
c2 = a2 + b2
Asymptotes

102. MAIN PROPERTIES OF HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (h, k)
Standard Equation
a > 0, b > 0
Equation of transverse axis
x = h
Length of transverse axis 2a
Equation of conjugate axis
y = k
Length of conjugate axis 2b
Center
(h, k)

103. MAIN PROPERTIES OF HYPERBOLAS CENTERED AT (h, k)
Vertices
(h, k – a), (h, k + a)
Endpoints of conjugate axis
(h – b, k), (h + b, k)
Foci
(h, k – c), (h, k + c)
Equation involving
a, b, and c
c2 = a2 + b2
Asymptotes

104. PROCEDURE FOR SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A HYPERBOLA CETNERED AT (h, k)
Step 1 Plot the center (h, k), and draw horizontal and vertical dashed lines through the center.
Step 2 Locate the vertices and the endpoints of the conjugate axis. Lightly sketch the fundamental rectangle, with sides parallel to the coordinate axes, through these points.

105. PROCEDURE FOR SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A HYPERBOLA CETNERED AT (h, k)
Step 3 Sketch dashed lines through opposite vertices of the fundamental rectangle. These are the asymptotes.
Step 4 Draw both branches of the hyperbola, through the vertices and approaching the asymptotes.
Step 5 The foci are located on the transverse axis, c units from the center, where c2 = a2 + b2.

106. Example: Graphing a Hyperbola
Show that 9x2 – 16y2 + 18x + 64y –199 = 0 is an equation of a hyperbola, and then graph the hyperbola.
Complete the squares on x and y.

107. Example: Graphing a Hyperbola
Steps 1-2 Locate the vertices.
Center (–1, 2); a2 = 16, a = 4; b2 = 9, b = 3
(h – a, k) = (–1– 4, 2) = (–5, 2)
(h + a, k) = (–1+ 4, 2) = (3, 2)
Vertices: (3, –1), (3, 5), (–5, 5), (–5, –1).
Draw the fundamental rectangle.

108. Example: Graphing a Hyperbola
Step 3 Sketch the asymptotes. Extend the diagonals of the rectangle obtained in Step 2 to sketch the asymptotes:
Step 4 Sketch the graph. Draw two branches opening left and right, starting from the vertices (–5, 2) and (3, 2) and approaching the asymptotes.

109. Example: Graphing a Hyperbola