2. Module 25 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring Chapter 8, Pages 308-322 Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition PSY110 Psychology © Richard Goldman November 1, 2006

3. Weight 2/3 rds of Americans are overweight 1/3 rd of Americans are obese  Body Mass Index (BMI) >30 (BMI=W lbs/H in 2  703)  Considered overweight if >20% above normal Excess weight is a major health risk Healthy weight may differ from our perception of the most attractive weight.  Cultural standards  Personal perception

4. Hunger & Satiation Biological  Full stomach  Blood sugar level Hypothalamus monitors glucose level and controls appetite Weight Set Point – Weight level that the body tries to maintain  Genetic Set Point Metabolism – Rate that food is converted to energy Habit  We normally eat at the same time each day  When the clock strikes noon we get hungry (Classical Conditioning) Social  We eat to be polite  Celebration  Rewards  Solace Pleasure  It tastes good and feels good (Operant Conditioning)

5. Causes of Obesity Poor eating habits Environment Ignorance Indifference Affluence Poor diet Low willpower Overly sensitive to food-related cues High homeostatic set point Genetics High levels of leptin (hormone that helps regulate appetite and metabolism) Low metabolism Large number of fat cells Disease

6. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa – Fear of becoming fat  Refusal to eat adequate amount of food  Excessive exercise  Usually young women  10% starve to death Bulimia – Food craving coupled with fear of becoming fat.  Binge eating followed by purging (Induced vomiting or diarrhea)  Also - normal eating followed by purging

7. Maintaining Your Correct Weight Do not diet Eat a sensible diet (requires a life style change) Exercise regularly Get a good night’s sleep every night Manage stress

8. Sexual Motivation Biological  Begins at puberty with the increase of sex hormones Boys – Androgen – Produced in testes  Primary Secondary sex characteristics  Large increase in body hair  Deeper voice  Increase sex drive Girls – Estrogen & Progesterone – Produced in ovaries  Primary Secondary sex characteristics  Moderate increase in body hair  Breast development  Increase sex drive Psychological  Visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and tactical stimuli play important roles in human sexual arousal.  Almost any neutral stimuli can become a learned arousal stimuli (Classical Conditioning)  Fantasies are common

9. Masturbation Previously condemned and thought to cause insanity and other maladies Currently viewed as a normal, healthy, legitimate, harmless, and important sexual activity (by most experts) Practiced by almost all men and most women Many people still tend to have a sense of guilt about masturbating Restrictions on masturbation remain in some religions

10. Heterosexuality Premarital Sex  Increased dramatically since the 1970’s  More acceptable for women Marital Sex  Wide variations in frequency Sever times a day to no sex at all Average is a few time per month  Extramarital Sex 15% of women 25% of men Viewed as wrong by most everyone

11. Homosexuality 5-10% of the population Cause is unknown – Some suggestions are:  Genetic  Hormones  Brain Structure  Child Rearing  Learning (Operant Conditioning)

12. Female Circumcision Surgical removal of clitoris Eliminates ability to experience sexual pleasure 80,000,000 women currently circumcised  Cultural custom  Mostly in Africa and Asia  >90% of Nigerian women Illegal in the United States

13. Need for Achievement High Achievers:  Strong secondary drive  Learned characteristic  Seek competitive, challenging situations Not too easy or not too hard  Need to keep proving themselves  College students Low Achievers  Seek to avoid failure Easy tasks or one that do not have any negative consequences Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – Used to measure achievement motivation

14. Need for Affiliation Desire to establish and maintain relationships with others  Stronger in women  Stronger when stressed

15. Need for Power Desire to impact, control, or influence others Stronger in men  Aggressive  Heavy drinkers  Sexually exploitive  Participate in competitive sports  Prestigious possessions  Extravagant, flamboyant behavior Women display power needs with more constraint  Socially responsible activities  Highly nurturing behavior