1. Summary

2. Bimodal optical & wireless networks –Goal of Internet & communications networks Provide access to information when we need it, where we need it, and in whatever format we need it –Toward this end, optical & wireless networks play key role & can be viewed as quite complementary Optical networks –Optical fiber does not go everywhere –Where it does go, it provides huge amount of bandwidth & exhibits advantageous transmission properties Wireless networks –Potentially go almost everywhere & support mobility –Provide highly bandwidth-constrained transmission channel, susceptible to variety of impairments –Clearly, future communications will be bimodal

3. Summary Historical review –Optical networks well suited to Satisfy growing bandwidth demands Provide transparency & reliability Simplify network operation & management –Optical networks have evolved from point-to-point links to powerful all-optical WDM networks providing Arbitrary topology Transparency Reconfigurability Survivability Scalability Modularity

4. Summary Historical review –Management & control of reconfigurable optical networks are of utmost importance to make them commercially viable Management –TMN framework »Encompasses wide range of standards covering management issues commonly known as FCAPS model Control –Control plane »Responsible to control data plane by ensuring that various forwarding techniques operate properly & efficiently in each single optical network »Guarantee interoperability among multiple optical networks of different vendors & operators

5. Summary Big picture –Optical switching networks All types of flexible, resilient, and reconfigurable optical networks using various multiplexing, tuning, and switching techniques Can be found at each network infrastructure hierarchy level Offer many different switching granularities –Fiber –Waveband –Wavelength –Subwavelength (time slot, burst, packet, cell, frame) Control plane typically operates at data link or network layer, with particular focus on IP-centric control planes

6. Summary Big picture –IP-centric control planes Extended routing & signaling protocols used to set up, modify, and release lightpaths dynamically => inter- layer networking between electrical & optical layers –Also useful to address other issues such as security & grooming which are best done in electrical domain –Optical switching networks limited to islands of transparency exploiting respective strengths of optical & electronic technologies to reduce costs & improve performance –Future research on optical switching networks expected to shift to design of adaptive service shell for value creation, revenue growth, and realization of novel business strategies

7. Summary Further reading –Books with general overview Optical Switching, by T. S. El-Bawab (Editor), Springer, 2006 Optical WDM Networks, by B. Mukherjee, Springer, 2006 IP over WDM: Building the Next Generation Optical Internet, by S. S. Dixit (Editor), Wiley, 2003 Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective (Second Edition), by R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 Optical Networks: Architecture and Survivability, by H. T. Mouftah and P.-H. Ho, Springer, 2002 Next Generation Optical Networks: The Convergence of IP Intelligence and Optical Technologies, by P. Tomsu and C. Schmutzer, Prentice Hall, 2001 Optical WDM Networks: Principles and Practice, by K. M. Sivalingam and S. Subramaniam (Editors), Springer, 2000

8. Summary Further reading –Books with general overview Multiwavelength Optical Networks: A Layered Approach, by T. E. Stern and K. Bala, Prentice Hall, 1999 Wavelength Division Multiple Access Optical Networks, by A. Borella, F. Chiaraluce, and G. Cancellieri, Artech House, 1998

9. Summary Further reading –Books on selected topics Fiber to the Home: The New Empowerment, by P. E. Green, Wiley, 2006 Path Routing in Mesh Optical Networks, by E. Bouillet, G. Ellinas, J.-F. Labourdette, and R. Ramamurthy, Wiley, 2006 Survivability and Traffic Grooming in WDM Optical Networks, by A. K. Somani, Cambridge University Press, 2006 GMPLS: Architecture and Applications, by A. Farrel and I. Bryskin, Morgan-Kaufmann, 2005 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks, by G. Kramer, McGraw- Hill, 2005 Optical Burst Switched Networks, by J. P. Jue and V. M. Vokkarane, Springer, 2004 Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS, by J.-P. Vasseur, M. Pickavet, and P. Demeester, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004

10. Summary Further reading –Books on selected topics Metropolitan Area WDM Networks: An AWG-Based Approach, by M. Maier, Springer, 2003 Optical Network Control: Architecture, Protocols, and Standards, by G. Bernstein, B. Rajagopalan, and D. Saha, Addison-Wesley, 2003 WDM Mesh Networks: Management and Survivability, by H. Zang, Springer, 2002 Gigabit Ethernet for Metro Area Networks, by P. Bedell, McGraw-Hill, 2002 Photonic Slot Routing in Optical Transport Networks, by G. Wedzinga, Springer, 2002 Radio over Fiber Technologies for Mobile Communications Networks, by H. Al-Raweshidy and S. Komaki (Editors), Artech House, 2002 SONET (Second Edition), by W. J. Goralski, McGraw-Hill, 2000

11. Summary Further reading –Books on selected topics Understanding SONET/SDH and ATM: Communications Networks for the Next Millenium, by S. V. Kartalopoulos, IEEE Press, 1999

12. Summary Further reading –Journals IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications - Optical Communications and Networking Series OSA Journal of Optical Networking Optical Switching and Networking Photonic Network Communications OSA Journal of Optical Technology IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking IEEE Transactions on Communications IEICE Transactions on Communications IET Communications IET Optoelectronics IEEE Photonics Technology Letters OSA Applied Optics

13. Summary Further reading –Journals OSA Optics Letters OSA Optics Express IET Electronics Letters IEEE Communication Letters

14. Summary Further reading –Magazines IEEE Communications Magazine - Optical Communications Supplement IEEE Network IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials

15. Summary Further reading –Web links http://www.lightreading.com/ http://www.fiberopticsonline.com/ http://fibers.org/ http://optics.org/ http://www.eetimes.com/ http://www.convergedigest.com/ http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com/ http://www.allbusiness.com/ http://www.freshpatents.com/ http://www.wired.com/ http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/ http://www.iec.org/