1. Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-Transport 1 October 2006 NESDB-WB Joint Workshop Clean Air in Bangkok – Reducing Urban Pollution CDP-Environment, Bangkok Thailand

2. 2 Bangkok Transport and Environment Context Lead in Gasoline Phased-out Two Stroke Motorcycles Phased-out Continuous Improvements in vehicle emissions and fuel quality standards Next Target: Gross Polluters and Diesel Emissions Reductions Manage high polluting buses & trucks Maintenance – esp. commercial vehicles

3. 3 PM10 TSP Air Quality Trend Bangkok Annual avg std. =0.10 mg./m 3 Annual avg std. = ug./m 3 Visibility Roadside PM10 Ambient PM10 Visibility

4. 4 Very old age buses Very old age buses Engines mistuned to Engines mistuned to gain power gain power Over-loaded operation Over-loaded operation Lack of maintenance Lack of maintenance Periodically repowered by imported used engines Periodically repowered by imported used engines Aggressive driving style Aggressive driving style Causes of Black Smoke from Diesel Engine

5. 5 Why is Diesel a Problem for Air Quality? Used by heavy duty traffic  Significant emitter of fine particulates, SOx, NOx (secondary PM)  associated health impacts Diesel vehicles have a long life time  delays introduction of latest technology Black smoke  major visible nuisance

6. 6 Reducing PM from diesel vehicle 1) Cleaner new vehicles and fuels Low Sulfur fuels Alternative fuel vehicles, i.e. NGV, hybrid, Bifuel,etc., Biodiesel, Gasohol Fuel cell, etc 2) Promoting and Implementing preventive maintenance program 3) Improving I/M program 4) Retrofit program 5) Emission control device

7. 7 Emission Control Options Economic: (differentiated) taxes, subsidies, pricing (congestion, parking) Administrative: emission, energy efficiency and fuel quality standards, restrictions on operation (vehicles, parking), previous history Technological: fuel improvements, new technologies, CNG retrofit, control devices Transport policy: traffic management, public transport, NMT

8. 8 A Quick View of the Components 1.Database Development Collation of available data and reports Vehicle testing for emission factors GIS-based knowledge base development 2.Analysis of Options Identification of Policy, Institutional, Economic and Technical Options Development of the IDEAS tool for analysis of alternative options Building synergies with other analytical efforts 3.Synthesis and Outreach Consultations/Dissemination of data and analytical work Selection of management options Action Plan preparation

9. 9 Criteria for Option Selection Cost and benefits Which measures are (likely) the most cost-effective (Bath/population exposure reduced)? Compatibility with other sector objectives Do the measures reinforce existing sector objectives and economic incentives? Political feasibility Is there broad support from public and stakeholders for the measure? Ease of enforcement How difficult is the implementation and enforcement of the measure?

10. 10 Effectiveness in different dimensions: What is the ‘best’ option? Cost-benefit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Political viability 1 3 2 4 5 6 Financial feasibility 1 2 3 4 5 6 Social acceptability 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pollution reduction Effectiveness

11. 11 Effectiveness in different dimensions: What is the ‘best’ option? Cost-benefit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Political viability 1 3 2 4 5 6 Financial feasibility 1 2 3 4 5 6 Social acceptability 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pollution reduction Effectiveness ?

12. 12 How to find sustainable action? Compatibility with other sector objectives Do they go against, or reinforce, other sector objectives? Political feasibility Are there interest groups that would oppose the proposed measures vigorously? Cost of implementation Which measures would be the most cost-effective (Rs / population exposure reduced)? Ease of enforcement How difficult would it be to carry out the proposed measures or to enforce them?

13. 13  Improving urban air quality requires coordination of:  policies and actions of many sectors; and  stakeholders from local to national and regional/global levels  Think Big and Take Small Steps Concluding Remarks  While technical solutions are available, political commitment and institutional issues are most critical in generating positive change  Information and public awareness of urban air pollution levels and impacts are key to support policy change and local action  “ Best ” steps must weight: Technical feasibility; Cost-Benefit; Political viability; Financial feasibility; Social Acceptability

14. 14 Next Steps Solicit More Private Sector Participation Solicit More Private Sector Participation Expanded Testing for more options Expanded Testing for more options Regionalization of the program – more funding for transferring knowledge to other cities and countries Regionalization of the program – more funding for transferring knowledge to other cities and countries Harmonization with other initiatives and promote Sustainable Urban Transport initiatives (e.g. STEP) Harmonization with other initiatives and promote Sustainable Urban Transport initiatives (e.g. STEP)

15. 15 STEP Program Description and Coordination

16. Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-Transport 16 Thank you!

17. 17 How do we go ahead? Current situation Goal Comprehensive Strategy Coordinated Action Un-Coordinated Action

18. 18 What is the Clean Air Initiative? The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities is designed to be a network assisting cities in Asia to solve their air quality problems. The initiative was established recently by a group of cities, NGO’s and organizations, including the World Bank, ADB, DBJ, US- AEP & EPA, Ford Motors, GTZ, SDC, Hong Kong EPD, ESCAP, and many others.

19. 19 CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chang Mai,Thailand Chengdu,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,Sri Lanka Guangzhou,PRC Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakistan Kathmandu,Nepal Makati,Philippines Mumbai, India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune, India Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogjakarta,Indonesia CAI-Asia Members 42 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor Shell Company ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR Member AVL Corning ACFA DEKRA Cerulean EMITEC MAHA SGS IPIECA ESP DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development Bank Australian Dept. for Environment and Heritage German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) United States Asia Environmental Partnership World Bank Balochistan EPA, Pakistan NGAs Central Pollution Control Board, India Department of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Metro Manila Development Authority,Philippines Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam

20. 20 Five Major Pollutants

21. 21 source of pollutant PM Emissions from Mobile Sources in BKK (1997) 31% 3% 14% 52% GasolineLDDHDDMotorcycle Composition of Vehicles in BKK (2001)

22. 22 Source of PM 10

23. 23 Role of the World Bank: Time Social and Institutional Realities Technology Ladder Inefficiency Gap