1. Ranchers and Farmers Pages 609-620 Closing of the Frontier Cattle Drives Homesteads Plight of the Farmer Grange Farmers’ Alliance

2. TheCattleTrailsTheCattleTrails

3. Land Use: 1880s

4. New Agricultural Technology “Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

5. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

6. African American “Exoduster” Homesteaders

7. African Americans Moving West

8. Homesteads From Public Lands

9. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890

10. The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

11. Rain Follows the Plow!

12. Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American Society (1893)

13. Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913

14. Founder of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (1867)

15. The Grange Movement  First organized in the 1870s in the Midwest, the south, and Texas.  Set up cooperative associations.  Social and educational components.  Succeeded in lobbying for “Granger Laws.”  Rapidly declined by the late 1870s.

16. The Farmers Alliances  Begun in the late 1880s (Texas first  the Southern Alliance; then in the Midwest  the Northern Alliance).  Excluded African American farmers – Colored Farmers’ National Alliance  Built upon the ashes of the Grange.  More political and less social than the Grange.  Ran candidates for office.  Controlled 8 state legislatures & had 47 representatives in Congress during the 1890s.

17. United We Stand, Divided We Fall  In 1889 both the Northern and Southern Alliances merged into one—the Farmers’ Alliance.