1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. ObjectiveObjective 5.04 - Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs. Pendleton ActCivil service system Sherman Antitrust ActPolitical machines Boss TweedTammany Hall Thomas NastGraft Credit Mobilier scandalWhiskey Ring scandal Secret ballot (Australian)Initiative ReferendumRecall MugwumpsU.S. v. E.C. Knight, Co. (1895)

4. “The Gilded Age”

5. Spoils System

6. Reform,interventionistgovernment Corruption & Reform Weak, “laissez faire” government Corruption

8. Grant’s Scandals Spoils system Credit Mobilier Union Pacific Railroad Construction Whiskey Ring Siphoning of excise tax

10. Political Machines – NYC Bosses, Graft & Patronage

11. Tammany Hall

14. Guarding the Ballot Box

15. Boss Tweed

16. Thomas Nast – Political Cartoonist

17. Tammany Hall

19. 1. A Two-Party Stalemate

20. Two-Party “Balance”

22. 2. Intense Voter Loyalty to the Two Major Political Parties

23. 3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs Democratic Bloc Republican Bloc  White southerners (preservation of white supremacy)  Catholics  Recent immigrants (esp. Jews)  Urban working poor (pro-labor)  Most farmers  Northern whites (pro-business)  African Americans  Northern Protestants  Old WASPs (support for anti-immigrant laws)  Most of the middle class

24. 4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.  From 1870-1900  Govt. did very little domestically.  Main duties of the federal govt.:  Deliver the mail.  Maintain a national military.  Collect taxes & tariffs.  Conduct a foreign policy.  Exception  administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

25. 5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office  Party bosses ruled.  Presidents should avoid offending any factions within their own party.  SPOILS SYSTEM The President just doled out federal jobs.  1865  53,000 people worked for the federal govt.  1890  166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “ Senator Roscoe Conkling

27. 1880 Presidential Election: Republicans Half BreedsStalwarts Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York) James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP) compromise

28. 1880 Presidential Election: Democrats

29. Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Shop

30. 1880 Presidential Election

31. 1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau

32. 1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau

33. Chester A. Arthur: The Fox in the Chicken Coup?

34. Pendleton Act (1883)  Civil Service Act.  The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.  1883  14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions.  1900  100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.  Spoils system…. To MERIT system

35. Civil Service Exam  Sample Question: You are in charge of maintaining order in a room where a large number of people gather to transact business. A woman in the back of one of the lines starts to shout that she has been waiting for an hour and her line “has not moved at all.” She continues to protest, and the rest of the crowd is getting restless. Which one of the following actions would be best to take first in this situation? A. Escort the woman to the head of the line and make sure her business is transacted promptly. B. Tell the woman that unless she acts in a more orderly fashion, you will escort her out of the room. C. Immediately remove the woman from the room. D. Call the local police and detain the woman until the police arrive.

36. Civil Service System

38. Republican “Mugwumps”  Reformers who wouldn’t re-nominate Chester A. Arthur.  Reform to them  create a disinterested, impartial govt. run by an educated elite like themselves.  Social Darwinists.  Laissez faire government to them:  Favoritism & the spoils system seen as govt. intervention in society.  Their target was political corruption, not social or economic reform!

39. The Mugwumps Men may come and men may go, but the work of reform shall go on forever.  Will support Cleveland in the 1884 election.

40. 1884 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)

41. A Dirty Campaign Ma, Ma…where’s my pa? He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…!

42. Little Lost Mugwump Blaine in 1884

43. Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!  Led a delegation of ministers to Blaine in NYC.  Reference to the Democratic Party.  Blaine was slow to repudiate the remark.  Narrow victory for Cleveland [he wins NY by only 1149 votes!]. Dr. Samuel Burchard

44. 1884 Presidential Election

45. Cleveland’s First Term  The “Veto Governor” from New York.  First Democratic elected since 1856.  A public office is a public trust!  His laissez-faire presidency:  Opposed bills to assist the poor as well as the rich.  Vetoed over 200 special pension bills for Civil War veterans!

46. Bravo, Señor Clevelando!

47. The Tariff Issue  After the Civil War, Congress raised tariffs to protect new US industries.  Big business wanted to continue this; consumers did not.  1885  tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus!  Mugwumps opposed it  WHY???  President Cleveland’s view on tariffs????  Tariffs became a major issue in the 1888 presidential election.

48. Filing the Rough Edges Tariff of 1888

50. 1888 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison (DEM) * (REP)

51. Coming Out for Harrison

52. The Smallest Specimen Yet

53. 1888 Presidential Election

54. Disposing the Surplus

55. Changing Public Opinion  Americans wanted the federal govt. to deal with growing soc. & eco. problems & to curb the power of the trusts:  Interstate Commerce Act – 1887  Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890  US v. EC Knight Co. - 1895  McKinley Tariff – 1890  Based on the theory that prosperity flowed directly from protectionism.  Increased already high rates another 4%!  Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (even McKinley lost his House seat!).

57. 1892 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)

58. 1892 Presidential Election

59. Cleveland Loses Support Fast!  The only President to serve two non- consecutive terms.  Blamed for the 1893 Panic.  Defended the gold standard.  Used federal troops in the 1894 Pullman strike.  Refused to sign the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894.  Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

61. PopulismPopulism Farmers’ Movement McKinley vs. Bryan

62. 1901: McKinley Assassinated! Leon Czolgosz

63. Presidential Assassins  Abraham Lincoln  John Wilkes Booth  James Garfield  Charles Guiteau  William McKinley  Leon Czolgosz

65. Populists’ Omaha Platform William Jennings Bryan

66. Secret (Australian) Ballot

67. InitiativeInitiative

68. ReferendumReferendum

69. RecallRecall