1. Open data table of hydrodynamic simulations for jet quenching calculations Tetsufumi Hirano Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo Original work: TH, Yasushi Nara Collaborators: Masatsugu Isse, Akira Ohnishi, Koji Yoshino Workshop “Interaction between Hard Probes and The Bulk” in 2006 RHIC & AGS annual users’ meeting

2. Motivation Important Key Topics @ RHICImportant Key Topics @ RHIC –Elliptic flow –Jet quenching –Color Glass Condensate –Particle ratio –Recombination –… My sole question:My sole question: –Are we able to get a consistent picture at RHIC?

3. …suggest appealing QGP-based picture of RHIC collision evolu- tion, BUT invoke 5 distinct models, each with own ambigu- ities, to get there. pQCD parton E loss The Five Pillars of RHIC Wisdom Ideal hydro Quark recombination  constituent q d.o.f. CGC Statistical model Early thermalization + soft EOS Very high inferred initial gluon density Very high anticipated initial gluon density u, d, s equil- ibration near T crit Adapted from T.Hallman Talk@ICHEP04

4. Example 1 Elliptic flow Particle ratio Issue: Conventional ideal hydro could not reproduce particle ratio. Solution: Introduction of chemical freezeout in hydro. Interpretation: Accidental reproduction by ideal hydro. Necessity of dissipation in the hadron phase. TH and M.Gyulassy(’06) N.Arbex et al.(’01), TH and K.Tsuda(’02), D.Teaney(’02) Hydro: P.Huovinen Data: PHENIX PHENIX white paper

5. Example 2 Elliptic flow Color Glass Condensate Issue: CGC initial conditions were not implemented in hydro. Solution: Introduction of CGC initial conditions in hydro. Interpretation: Larger eccentricity from CGC (talk by Y.Nara) Necessity of dissipation even in the QGP phase! TH and Y.Nara(’04) Hydro: P.Huovinen Data: PHENIX Results: Kharzeev and Levin(’01) Data: PHOBOS Hirano,Heinz,Kharzeev,Lacey,Nara, PLB636(’06)299.

6. Large Eccentricity from CGC Initial Condition (talk by Y.Nara) x y Pocket formula (ideal hydro): v 2 ~ 0.2  @ RHIC energies v 2 ~ 0.2  @ RHIC energies Ollitrault(’92) Hirano and Nara(’04), Hirano et al.(’06) Kuhlman et al.(’06), Drescher et al.(’06)

7. Do we get a consistent picture also in high p T ? Bjorken scaling solution, is often assumed in most jet quenching calculations.  Life time of partonic phase? (  f <5-10 fm/c)  Transverse flow/profile? Sharp edge profile is assumed in some high p T elliptic flow calculations.  Contradict to low p T v 2.

8. Violation of N part 2/3 scaling in R AA (N part ) Hirano and Nara (’02) We can interpret the data if we use Bjorken formula. (Manifestation of scaling.) However, in realistic situations, partons are confined into hadrons at some density. Thus, a naive scaling is broken in peripheral regions.

9. We make our full 3D hydro results open to public! 3D hydro+jet CGC+3D hydro T.H. and Y.Nara (’02-) Not the hydro code itself, but the numerical data table of hydro simulations.

10. It’s already open!

11. http://nt1.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hirano /parevo/parevo.html

12. http://nt1.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hirano /parevo/parevo.html

13. What is Available? Solution of full 3D hydro simulations: Thermalized Parton density Thermalized Parton density  Temperature T (>T c )Temperature T (>T c ) transverse flow (v x,v y )transverse flow (v x,v y ) @ ( , x, y,  s )

14. Applying Suggestion: Up to you! Jet quenching Meson Recombination Coalescence Thermal radiation (photon/dilepton) Information along a path Information on surface Information inside medium Baryon

15. Functions Current version: getrho(tau,x,y,eta): Local parton density gettemp(tau,x,y,eta): Local temperature getvx(tau,x,y,eta): Local v x getvy(tau,x,y,eta): Local v y getInitialPosition(b,tau0,x,y,eta0): Initial parton position with binary collision Initial parton position with binary collisiongetInitialPosition(p0,phi0): Initial parton momentum with power law tail Initial parton momentum with power law tail Next version: getglv1st(tau,x,y,eta,p0): GLV 1 st order getglv1sts(tau,x,y,eta,p0): GLV 1 st order neglecting kinematics GLV 1 st order neglecting kinematics moliere(p0): Elastic scattering angle opacityela(p0,opa): Elastic scattering angle at chi

16. Updates in Near Future Centrality dependence Rapidity dependence Glauber-BGK modelGlauber-BGK model N part :N coll = 85%:15% N part :N coll = 85%:15% CGC modelCGC model Matching I.C. via e(x,y,  ) Matching I.C. via e(x,y,  ) T.Hirano et al.(’06)

17. A Glimpse of Code (1) Density, temperature, and flow at (t,x,y,  )

18. A Glimpse of Code (2) Calculation of energy loss Energy of jet seen from a co-moving fluid element:

19. Application Example: Hadronization through Jet-Fluid String In Rudy Hwa’s language, this model describes shower-shower, shower-thermal, NOT thermal-thermal. T.Hirano, M.Isse, Y.Nara, A.Ohnishi, K.Yoshino, (in preparation). Space-time evolution of the QGP fluid  Open data table String Fragmentation  PYTHIA (Lund) Energy loss  GLV 1 st order

20. Comparison btw two mechanisms Lorentz-boosted thermal parton distribution at T=T c hyper surface from hydro simulations

21. p T distributions 20-30% centrality GLV 1 st order (simplified) formula Effective parton density from hydro Independent fragmentation C=2.5-3.0 Jet-fluid string C=8.0 Fluctuation of the number of emitted gluon Chemical non-equilibrium in the QGP phase Higher order in opacity expansion Cronin effect … Neglecting many effects Fitting the p T data is our starting point.

22. v 2 @ intermediate-high p T v 2 (JFS) ~ 0.1 at b~8 fm without assuming an unrealistic hard sphere 20-30% centrality 

23. High p T v 2 puzzle!? STAR, PRL93,252301(’04)

24. Mechanism 1 A fluid parton combines with a jet parton and forms a hadronic string in a way that total momentum is conserved. In order to compensate this effect, one needs additional parton energy loss in comparison with independent fragmentation scheme. This enhances v2.

25. Mechanism 2 Direction of flow ~Perpendicular to surface Direction of jets ~Radial on average Direction of string momentum is tilted to reaction plane in comparison with collinear direction.

26. Summary We are now in the next stage to understand the RHIC data. (  Can we establish a consistent picture?) Visit our site! http://nt1.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp /~hirano/parevo/parevo.html Hadronization through jet-fluid strings as an application example of the open data table.

27. Hydrodynamics in OSCAR AZHYDRO Ver.0.0 (2+1) D hydro Author: P.Kolb BJ_HYDRO Ver.1.1 (1+1)D hydro Author:A.Dumitru, D.H.Rischke http://www-cunuke.phys.columbia.edu/OSCAR/ Caveat: “No-Go theorem” for hadron EOS in chemical equilibrium Only relevant EOS is “ rapp250.dat ” in AZHYDRO. TH and M.Gyulassy(’06)