1. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos1 Building Energy Systems EE290N3 Costas J. Spanos Monday 1/26/2008 Issues

2. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos2 Outline Why Energy in Buildings Matters Residential Open Problems Commercial Open Problems

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4. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos4 Equilibrium Between Atmospheric and Ocean CO 2 Global Energy & Carbon Balance 2007 ? Courtesy A. Majumdar, ME, UCB

5. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos5 Source: Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Summary for Policy Makers, February 2007. Emissions Trajectories for atmospheric CO 2 concentration ceilings 2007 Courtesy A. Majumdar, ME, UCB

6. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos6 The “stabilization triangle” Stephen Pacala; Robert Socolow (2004-08-13). "Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies". Science. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies

7. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos7 If warming exceeds 2°C, negative effects increase and catastrophic changes become more likely 7 Today 0°C Feedback Abrupt climate change Water Rising seasWater shortagesGlaciers melt Weather Storms, droughts, fires, heat waves Ecosystems Reefs damaged Species extinction Food Crop yields fall 3°C2°C1°C Global temperature change (relative to pre-industrial era) 4°C5°C Courtesy: Hal Harvey (Climate Works)

8. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos8 The European Community has decided that 2 o C warming is a reasonable Target.

9. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos9 Source: Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies, January 2007 -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 1990199520002005201020152020 CEC Data Business as Usual AB 32 Scenario % Change from 1990 levels California Assembly Bill 32 Emissions Reductions Provided by Prof. Daniel M. Kammen

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14. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos14 Supply Demand Figure Courtesy Professor Arun Majumdar, UCB, LBNL

15. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos15 BUILDINGS CONSUME SIGNIFICANT ENERGY Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007 The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990 40% Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990 40% Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

16. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos16 Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

17. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos17 Outline Why Energy in Buildings Matters Residential Open Problems Commercial Open Problems

18. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos18 The Cost/Benefit Equation Anything we do to improve the energy/emissions balance must pay for itself “Zero net cost” means that any improvements must be paid by energy savings. –Environmental cost is largely not captured in today’s energy prices, so Energy related improvements can be either be mandated (such as in “title 24” in CA) Energy related improvements can be subsidized (PV incentives, etc.)

19. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos19 Perspectives on “Zero Cost” Annual cost of ownership (mortgage + energy bill) must be kept constant Zero net cost highly unlikely/not currently possible Current state-of-the-art: about $50k extra

20. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos20 Setting the Bar Florida Solar Energy Center summary for National Academy of Sciences Zero (30 year @6.7%) cost for average home energy bill of $1600/year allows for $20k up front spending, half of current best practice Still hard to get zero energy, at any price Occupant behavior important to both heating/cooling and plug loads Best practice for ZEH requires $40k to $50k up front cost

21. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos21 State of the Art Today Germany Close to zero net cost Heat/cool/hot water only – not lighting or plug loads – still used as much energy as 70% savings homes in FSEC study

22. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos22 State of the Art Today Japan Net zero energy Saves $2800/yr (allows spending $38.8k up front to achieve zero cost) Cost $65k extra

23. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos23 State of the Art Today Austria Cost extra $150k 80% savings

24. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos24 Costs of energy savings / generation Energy Savings Geothermal heat pump $3.5k Triple-pane windows $9k Upgrade to R19 from R11 $500 CFL replace incandescent $35 LED replace incandescent $1800 Solar hot water $3k Solar or wind for 3 kW installation PV $24k Wind $9k Other technologies not well developed for residential applications with large range in potential cost: Solar collectors, biomass fuel for turbines, wood pellet burners (heat or steam for electricity), etc.

25. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos25 Why is it challenging? Home construction is HIGHLY standardized. Even minor changes disrupt construction and increase cost. Local (micro) climate makes tremendous difference. There is no universally accepted definition of “comfort”. The behavioral patterns of the residents often make more difference than the features of the house. Source:

26. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos26 Many opportunities to innovate Local (micro) climate makes tremendous difference. A virtual home can be simulated in several climate variants and energy options.

27. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos27 Other Opportunities – Passivhaus in Germany (and in Berkeley!)

28. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos28 Passivhaus

29. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos29 Berkeley Passive House 2440 Grant Street, Berkeley, CA

30. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos30 Open Research Questions for Home Energy Lets view the home as part of a system First, preserve! Then, optimize! View both aspects as a systems problem where the home is just a part. Local and grid generation, local and grid storage

31. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos31 Wireless Sensor Networks for Demand Response Summer heat creates over-demand for AC Avoid brown-outs (level the demand) during peak usage with enabling technology: –Meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes: In ad hoc self-organizing wireless networks Demand Response scenario: –Smart Thermostat receives price signals every ¼ hour (or, emergency signals ASAP) –Users’ responses to price points lower energy costs Source: Professor Paul Wright, CITRIS/ME UCB

32. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos32 New thermostat shows price of electricity in ¢/kWhr + expected monthly bill. New meter conveys real-time usage, back to service provider. Wireless beacons (smart dust) allow for fine-tuned comfort/control. Incoming price signals Appliance lights show price level & appliances powered-down Demand-Response in a “Smart House”

33. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos33 Going many steps further: What if the Energy Infrastructure were Designed like the Internet? Energy: the limited resource of the 21st Century Needed: Information Age approach to the Machine Age infrastructure Lower cost, more incremental deployment, suitable for developing economies Enhanced reliability and resilience to wide-area outages, such as after natural disasters Packetized Energy: discrete units of energy locally generated, stored, and forwarded to where it is needed; enabling a market for energy exchange Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB

34. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos34 Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network PowerComm Interface Energy Storage Power Generation Host Load energy flows information flows Intelligent Power Switch PowerComm Interface: Network + Power connector Scale Down, Scale Out Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB

35. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos35 The Grid Local Generation Local Load Grid Tie Inverter Local Storage Energy Markets Typical home solar system configuration Run meter backwards Optional local storage for off-grid operation –Vast majority of home systems do NOT have storage Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB

36. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos36 Energy Interconnect Local Generation Local Load IPS Local Storage IPS Energy Markets Hierarchical aggregates of loads and IPSs Overlay on existing Energy Grid Energy Interconnect Communications Interconnect Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB

37. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos37 PVs - Calculating the Optimal Subsidy

38. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos38 Motivating the Optimal Subsidy

39. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos39 A “Moore’s Law” for PV?

40. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos40 PV Manufacturing vs. Semiconductor Manufacturing Tremendous cost advances have been driven into semiconductor manufacturing through SPC/APC, real-time equipment diagnostics, etc. Data mining, model development, performance optimization, production malfunction diagnosis is also possible in PV manufacturing, where cost rather than fidelity becomes the objective. Issues such as predictive binning and performance matching are similar to problems faced in high volume memory production. Cost-saving measures such as virtual metrology can accelerate adoption.

41. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos41 Energy Storage at Home – ideas? Plug-in (two way) hybrid?

42. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos42 Another Opportunity - Occupant Behavior…

43. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos43 Also of Interest: Statistical Modeling of Grid behavior “Smart” Grids involve distributed instrumentation monitoring status at very high data rates A grid is an inherently statistical entity Statistical / machine learning model of loading under D/R will allow intelligent data mining and drive dynamic pricing and Demand / Response strategies. Explanation of demand response effects on a quantity (Q) - price (P) graph. Under inelastic demand (D1) extremely high price (P1) may result on a strained electricity market. If demand response measures are employed the demand becomes more elastic (D2). A much lower price will result in the market (P2). It is estimated[1] that a 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the California electricity crisis in 2000/2001. The market also becomes more resilient to intentional withdrawal of offers from the supply side.[1]California electricity crisis

44. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos44 THE ENERGY FREE HOME CHALLENGE Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation The Goal: Build an Energy Free Home Zero Net Cost Costs no more to own and operate than a traditional home Zero Net Cost Costs no more to own and operate than a traditional home Zero Net Energy Produces enough renewable energy to cover all its energy use Zero Net Energy Produces enough renewable energy to cover all its energy use Consumer Appealing Requires no major changes in lifestyle. Consumers find it appealing Can be replicated in many locations. Consumer Appealing Requires no major changes in lifestyle. Consumers find it appealing Can be replicated in many locations.

45. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos45 TWO-PHASE CHALLENGE REWARD BOTH COMPONENT AND WHOLE-HOME INNOVATION 10/18/2015 Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation Teams Develop Components of an Energy Free Home Teams Design an Energy Free Home 10 Winning Home Designs Built and Monitored Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation Prizes 10 --$500,000 10 --$250,000 50+ demo at EFHC Summit 10 Finalists $250,000 to build a home One $10,000,000 Grand Prize 100+ Energy Free Homes Built Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation

46. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos46 Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation TIMELINE FIVE YEARS TO DRIVE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF INNOVATION 10/18/2015 100+ Energy Free Home Community $7.5 Million in Prizes Ten Finalists $250,000 to build Ten Finalists $250,000 to build One $10,000,000 Grand Prize 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation Home Design Home Build and Monitor 2014 Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation

47. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos47 POST-CHALLENGE 100+ Energy Free Home Community Fundamentally change the energy equation Influence energy policy Change the way buildings are designed, built, and operated in the future Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation

48. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos48 Outline Why Energy in Buildings Matters Residential Open Problems Commercial Open Problems

49. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos49 Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

50. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos50 Building Design Platform (BDP) Tool for Architects to Design New Buildings With Embedded Energy Analysis Windows & Lighting HVAC Onsite Power & Heat Natural Ventilation, Indoor Environment Building Operating Platform (BOP) Sensors, Communication, Controls, Real-Time Optimization for Cost, Energy Use, CO 2 Footprint Building Materials Appliances Thermal & Electrical Storage System of Systems Integrated Whole Building Approach

51. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos51 Performance by Design Simulation / DOE-2

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55. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos55 We can simulate, but it is VERY difficult to measure the actual result.

56. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos56 Prior Impacts of EETD’s Efficiency R&D From National Academy of Sciences Report Primary energy savings =9% of 2025 residential energy use Carbon reductions in 2025 =132 million metric tons CO 2 /year NAS estimate of economic benefits of EE R&D assigns $23 of $30 billion in savings to LBNL - derived technologies Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products

57. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos57 Of further Interest Materials, technology scaling, finance, marketing, energy-related psychology & physiology, etc. Localized Energy Storage Interaction with other Energy segments (plug-in hybrids, etc.) Lifecycle footprint Climate “Navigator”

58. 1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos58 Physical Biosciences Division Materials Sciences Division Environmental Energy Technology Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Biological Sciences College of Chemistry Physical Sciences College of Engineering University of California, Berkeley Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI) Biofuels BP = $500M DOE = $125M DOE = $120M Photovoltaics Photoelectro- chemical Devices Helios Project - Supply Side Demand Side