2. Chapter 3 Chemical & Physical Feature of the Ocean

3. Atom The smallest particle an element can be divided into & maintain properties The smallest particle an element can be divided into & maintain properties Building block of matter Building block of matter

4. Molecule A group of atoms chemically combined that can exist by itself A group of atoms chemically combined that can exist by itself CO 2 CO 2

5. Ion Charged particle Charged particle Cl -1 Cl -1

6. Polyatomic Ion A group of atoms chemically combined that together have a charge A group of atoms chemically combined that together have a charge CO 3 -2 CO 3 -2

7. Organic Compounds

8. A.Polymers large complex organic compounds linked by covalent bonds large complex organic compounds linked by covalent bonds

9. A.3 forms Complex carbohydrates contain two or more monomers of simple sugars linked together. Complex carbohydrates contain two or more monomers of simple sugars linked together. Proteins are formed by linking monomers of amino acids together. Proteins are formed by linking monomers of amino acids together. Nucleic acids are made of sequences of nucleotides linked together. Nucleic acids are made of sequences of nucleotides linked together.

10. Genes: specific sequences of nucleotides in a DNA molecule specific sequences of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

11. Chromosomes: combinations of genes that make a single DNA molecule, plus some proteins combinations of genes that make a single DNA molecule, plus some proteins

12. Genome: the complete sequence of DNA the complete sequence of DNA

13. B.Inorganic Compounds All compounds without the combination of carbon atoms and other elements’ All compounds without the combination of carbon atoms and other elements’

14. B.Matter exists in four states: B. solid, C. liquid, D. Gaseous E. a fourth state known as plasma.

15. B.Matter and resources usefulness, B. 1.High-quality = concentrated and highly useful-found near the Earth’s surface. C. 2.Low-quality =dilute and found deep underground and/or dispersed in air or water.

16. B.3-6Nuclear Changes B. Matter can undergo a change known as a nuclear change. C. Three types of nuclear change: A. radioactive decay, B. nuclear fission, C. nuclear fusion.

17. Radioactive decay Radioactive isotopes emit high-energy radiation until the original unstable isotope is changed into a stable isotope

18. Nuclear fusion B. Combining of two light element isotopes ez(H) C. Occurs at extremely high temperatures. D. Releases more energy than fission. E. It is still in the laboratory stage after 50 years of research.

19. Energy The capacity to do work and transfer heat; it moves matter. The capacity to do work and transfer heat; it moves matter.

20. Kinetic energy has mass and speed; - wind and electricity has mass and speed; - wind and electricity

21. Potential energy stored energy - match,. stored energy - match,.

22. Energy changes Potential E. becomes kinetic E. – dropping an egg.

23. Heat The total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules in a substance. The total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules in a substance. 3 forms 3 forms A. convection, B. conduction, and C. radiation.

24. Temperature is the average speed of motion of atoms,.

25. Quality of energy. 1. High energy is concentrated –loads of work. 2. Low energy is dispersed -little work

26. Energy Laws:

27. The First Law of Thermodynamics 1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed 1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed 2. Energy may be converted from to another. 2. Energy may be converted from to another.

28. The Second Law of Thermodynamics A.. Usable energy and quality decreases when changed from one form to another. heat is often produced and lost. heat is often produced and lost. In living systems, solar energy is changed to chemical energy, then to mechanical energy In living systems, solar energy is changed to chemical energy, then to mechanical energy High-quality energy cannot be recycled/reused High-quality energy cannot be recycled/reused

29. Energy efficiency A. is very poor—about 16% of energy produces useful work. Forty-one percent is unavoidable waste energy, Forty-one percent is unavoidable waste energy, forty-three percent is unnecessarily wasted energy. forty-three percent is unnecessarily wasted energy. B. A change in habits can further reduce this waste.

30. Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems A.Resource use automatically adds some waste heat/waste matter to the environment. B. Advanced industrialized countries have high waste economies. 1. Resources flow into planetary sinks (air, water, soil, organisms) with accumulation to harmful levels. 2. 2.Eventually consumption will exceed capacity of the environment to dilute/degrade wastes.

31. C. Recycling/reusing more of Earth’s matter resources slows depletion. D. It just slow the process and buys some time but doesn’t stop the impact. E. Shifting to a more sustainable economy is the best long-term solution