1. Chapter Eleven Nuclear Chemistry

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 2 →CO 11.1 Associated with brain- scan technology is the use of small amounts of radioactive substances. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d PhotoDisc

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 3 ←Fig. 11.1 Marie Curie, one of the pioneers in the study of radioactivity, is the first person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes for scientific work. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Bettmann/CORBIS

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 4 Fig. 11.2 The effect of an electromagnetic field on alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 5 ←Fig. 11.3 After each half-life period, the quantity of material present at the beginning of the period is reduced by half. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 6 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d  Table 11.1

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 7 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d  CAG 11.1

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 8 →Fig. 11.4 Ernest Rutherford was the first person to carry out a bombardment reaction. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Bettmann/CORBIS

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 9 →Table 11.2 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 10 CC 11.1 Tobacco Radioactivity Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 11 →Fig. 11.6 In the U-238 decay series, each nuclide is unstable except Pb- 206. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 12 ←Fig. 11.7 Ion pair formation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 13 Fig. 11.8 Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation differ in penetrating ability. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 14 →Table 11.3 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 15 →CC 11.2 Irridated and nonradiated mushrooms Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Peticolas/Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 16 ←Fig. 11.9 Film badges are used to determine a person’s exposure to radiation. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Doug Plummer/Photo Researchers

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 17 Fig. 11.10 Radiation passing through a Geiger counter ionizes one or more gas atoms, producing ion pairs. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 18 ←Fig. 11.11 Components of the estimated annual radiation of an average American. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 19 →CC. 11.3 A commercially available kit to test for radon gas in the home. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 20 ←Fig. 11.12 Brain scans are obtained using radioactive technetium-99, a laboratory-produced radionuclide. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Science Photo/Custom Medical Stock Photo

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 21 ←Table 11.4 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 22 Table 11.5 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 23 →Fig. 11.13 Cobalt-60 is used as a source of gamma radiation in radiation therapy. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d Yoav Levy/Phototake

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 24 ←Fig. 11.14 A fission chain reaction is caused by further reaction of the neutrons produced during fission. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 25 →Fig. 11.15 Enormous amounts of energy are released in the explosion of a nuclear fission bomb. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Bettmann/CORBIS

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 26 ←Fig. 11.16 The cooling tower at the Trojan nuclear power plant dominates the landscape. The nuclear reactor is housed in the dome- shaped enclosure. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d © Albert J. Copley/Visuals Unlimited

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 27 →Fig. 11.17 The process of nuclear fusion maintains the interior of the sun at the temperature of approximately 15 million degrees. Nuclear Chemistry cont’d NASA

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 28 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d  CAG 11.2

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 | 29 →Table 11.6 Nuclear Chemistry cont’d