1. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 1 Principles of Government

2. 123 Go To Section: Principles of Government C H A P T E R 1 Principles of Government SECTION 1 Government and the State SECTION 2 Forms of Government SECTION 3 Basic Concepts of Democracy Chapter 1 2222 3333 1111

3. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 1 Government and the State S E C T I O N 1 Government and the State How is government defined? What are the basic powers that every government holds? What are the four defining characteristics of the state? How have we attempted to explain the origin of the state? What is the purpose of government in the United States and other countries? 2222 3333

4. 123 Go To Section: Is government necessary?

5. 123 Go To Section: What Is Government? Chapter 1 Section 1 2222 3333 Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.

6. 123 Go To Section: What is the difference between a nation and a country? Nation – is an ethnic term, referring to races or other large groups of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language. Country – is a geographic term, referring to a particular place, region or area of land.

7. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 1 2222 3333 The State The state can be defined as having these four characteristics:

8. 123 Go To Section: Origins of the State The Force Theory The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule. The Evolutionary Theory The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family. The Divine Right Theory (EXAMPLES?) The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule. The Social Contract Theory The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people. Which theory do you agree with and why? Chapter 1, Section 1 2222 3333

9. 123 Go To Section: Social Contract Theory Developed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau State exist only to serve the people People are the sole source of political power Promoted popular sovereignty (rule by the people), limited government and individual rights Important American document justified itself through Social Contract Theory. NAME IT!

10. 123 Go To Section: The Purpose of Government The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States: “ We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” How does the government promote general welfare? Can liberty be absolute? Chapter 1, Section 1 2222 3333

11. 123 Go To Section:

12. 123 Section 1 Review 1. A government is (a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. (b) a collection of people. (c) always democratic. (d) the organization representing farms and industries. 2. What are the four major political explanations for the origins of the state? 3. A state has the following four characteristics: (a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government. (b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory. (c) people, places, force, and divine right. (d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility. Chapter 1, Section 1 2222 3333

13. 123 Go To Section: Forms of Government S E C T I O N 2 Forms of Government How can we classify governments? How are systems of government defined in terms of who can participate? How is power distributed within a state? How are governments defined by the relationship between the legislative and executive branches? Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111

14. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Classifying Governments Governments can be classified by three different standards: (1) Who can participate in the governing process. (2) The geographic distribution of the governmental power within the state. (3) The relationship between the legislative (lawmaking) and the executive (law-executing) branches of the government.

15. 123 Go To Section: Classification by Who Can Participate Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Democracy In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people. A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the people themselves. In an indirect democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their representatives, expresses the popular will. Another name for this? Dictatorship A dictatorship exists where those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. An autocracy is a government in which a single person holds unlimited political power. An oligarchy is a government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

16. 123 Go To Section: Classification by Geographic Distribution of Power Unitary Government A unitary government has all powers held by a single, central agency. Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Confederate Government A confederation is an alliance of independent states. Federal Government A federal government is one in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. An authority superior to both the central and local governments makes this division of power on a geographic basis.

17. 123 Go To Section: Classification by the Relationship Between Legislative and Executive Branches Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Positives and Negatives of each type

18. 123 Go To Section: Forms of Government Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111

19. 123 Go To Section: Section 2 Review 1. In a democracy, (a) independent states form an alliance. (b) supreme political authority rests with the people. (c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. (d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people. 2. Difference between autocracy and oligarchy. 3. The United States government has the following characteristics: (a) confederate, parliamentary, and dictatorship. (b) unitary, presidential, and democracy. (c) federal, presidential, and democracy. (d) unitary, parliamentary, and dictatorship. Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111

20. 123 Go To Section: Discussion Questions What circumstances are likely to create dictatorships? Can dictatorships be prevented? How? Should democracies take action to help prevent dictatorship? Why or why not? If so, under what circumstances should they act? What actions should they take? “For forms of Government let fools contest; Whate’er is best administer’d is best”

21. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 3 Basic Concepts of Democracy S E C T I O N 3 Basic Concepts of Democracy What are the foundations of democracy? What are the connections between democracy and the free enterprise system? 2222 1111

22. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 3 2222 1111Foundations The American concept of democracy rests on these basic notions: (1) A recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person; (2) A respect for the equality of all persons; (3) A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights; (4) An acceptance of the necessity of compromise; and (5) An insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom.

23. 123 Go To Section: 1. Fundamental Worth of the Individual Importance of each individual. Each person’s worth and dignity must be respected by all individuals at all times. However, sometimes the welfare of one or a few individuals is subordinated to the interests of the many in a democracy. Ex) pay taxes, obey traffic signals, register for the Draft

24. 123 Go To Section: 2. Equality of All Persons “All men are created equal” - Jefferson All are entitled to equality of opportunity All are entitled to equality before the law

25. 123 Go To Section: 3. Majority Rule and Minority Rights Will of the people determines public policy. Majority rules – satisfactory solutions to public problems. Majority will be right more often than they will be wrong. However, majority rule is restrained by minority rights. HOW? Majority must be willing to listen to the minority’s criticisms, objections, arguments, and suggestions. WHY?

26. 123 Go To Section: 4. Necessity of Compromise Democracy is a give-and-take among various competing interests. Compromise: process of blending and adjusting competitive views and interests – in order to find the position most acceptable to the largest number. Essential part of the democratic concept. Need compromise because few public questions have only two sides, and individual is equal to all other individuals. Compromise is a way of achieving majority agreement.

27. 123 Go To Section: 5. Individual Freedom Democracy does not and cannot insist on complete freedom of the individual. Anarchy: absolute freedom, but total absence of government. (Eventually leads to rule by the strong and ruthless). Individual free to do as they please as far as the freedom of all will allow. Human beings desire both liberty and authority.

28. 123 Go To Section: Duties and Responsibilities of Citizenship DutiesResponsibilities Serving on a jury Serving a witness when called Attending school Paying taxes Registering for the draft (men only) Obeying local, state, and national laws. Voting Volunteering Participating in civic life Understanding the works of our government

29. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 3 2222 1111 Democracy and the Free Enterprise System The free enterprise system is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state control; and determined in a free market. Another name for free enterprise system? Decisions in a free enterprise system are determined by the law of supply and demand. An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion is called a mixed economy.

30. 123 Go To Section: Free Enterprise System Private OwnershipProfit Individual Initiative Competition

31. 123 Go To Section: Section 3 Review 1. All of the following are basic notions found in the American concept of democracy EXCEPT (a) a recognition of of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person. (b) a respect for the equality of all persons. (c) the rule of government by a single individual. (d) an acceptance of the necessity of compromise. 2. In a free enterprise system, the means of capital are owned (a) by private and corporate entities. (b) by government agencies. (c) by only the agricultural sector. (d) equally by the collective citizenry. Chapter 1, Section 3 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2222 1111