5. Royal Mosque (Pakistan)

9. Al-Razi & Ibn Sina

10. Al - Khwarizmi

11. Astrolabe

12. A Thousand and One Arabian Nights

14. Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

15. Islamic calligraphy (Allah)

18. Five Pillars of Islam I. Profession of Faith

19. II. Prayer

20. III. Almsgiving

21. IV. Fasting

22. V. Pilgrimage V. Pilgrimage

23. Spread of Islam

24. After the death of Muhammad… Muhammad left no clear instructions on succession →prominent Muslims met & chose a caliph (successor) and expansion continued 1.Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law) 2.Umar (father-in-law) –conquered peoples retained land & religion –required to pay a special tax, known as the jizya 3.Uthman (son-in-law) 4.Ali (son-in-law: Fatimah)

25. Divisions w/in Islam In Syria, governor Muawiya refused to pay Ali allegiance & after the murder of Ali in 661, became the caliph of the entire Muslim world This created a split in Muslim world – Ali’s followers refused to follow Muawiya & the concept of the caliph as a political leader → Shiite Muslims (Iran, some in Iraq & Lebanon) Most Muslims followed Muawiya as caliph → Sunni Muslims (90% of all Muslims) Sufi – dissatisfied w/ the worldliness of Muawiya & the Umayyad Dynasty, they focused on prayer, meditation, fasting & religious writing

27. Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750) Stressed political rather than religious (ruled more like kings than caliphs) Arabic official language Minted Arabic currency, built roads & established postal routes Jews & Christians were tolerated as people of the book, but paid a tax Shiite areas were discontent

28. Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) Anti-Umayyad Arabs joined non-Arab muslims to overthrow the dynasty & new caliph, Abu al- Abbas (descendant of Muhammad’s uncle) Baghdad became the capital of the empire More social equality → Persians dominated the bureaucracy, Turks dominated the army & Arabs controlled religion However, many lands on the outskirts began to break free from the Abbasid Empire