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PROTISTS
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Protist classification
eukaryotic mostly unicellular The protist kingdom is a “dumping ground” –includes organisms that have exceptions to the many rules that scientists attempt to apply to them.
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Kingdom Protista Animal like -- Protozoa (zooplankton)
Plant like-- Alga (phytoplankton) Fungi like -- Slime and Water Molds
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Protozoa Heterotrophic (eat dead things or other organisms)
No cell walls Are all capable of asexual reproduction usually by binary fission
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What distinguishes these?
By locomotion
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Animal-like Protists-Protozoa
Phylum Sarcodinian -move with pseudopods -ex. amoebas (& foraminifera and radiolaria) -One type of amoeba causes dysentery. Phylum Ciliphora - ciliates (cilia) -ex Paramecium, Blepharisma, Stentor & Vorticella. Phylum Zooflagellates - flagellates also called zoomastigina. Many cause disease in humans. -ex Trypanosoma which causes African s.s.; or Giardia Phylum Sporozoa -nonmotile, spore bearing, -all parasitic -ex. Plasmodium which causes malaria.
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Sarcodinian Locomotion: Types (life styles) Distinctive feature
pseudopodia all allows for great flexibility Types (life styles) Amoeba marine/terres/parasitic Distinctive feature Ameobiod movement Cytoplasmic streaming
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Sarcodinian Examples Amoeba proteus
Nucleus Water Vacuole Food vacuole Pseudopodia Contractile Vacuole (not shown) Examples Amoeba proteus Entamoeba hixtolyca (causes amoebic dysentery)
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Ciliaphorans Locomotion Lifestyle Distinctive feature Examples cilia
most free living aquatic Distinctive feature two nuclei macro: boss micro: sex. repro Examples Paramecium Stentor, Vorticella Blepherisma
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Cilliates Oral groove
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Paramecium Conjugaton
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Zooflagellates (zoomastigote)
Locomotion flagella Lifestyle most free-living some parasitic Distinctive features most carried by vectors from reservoir Examples Trypanosoma African s.s. Giardia
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Vector An organism Carries a pathogen Example : Bubonic plague
usually an arthropod or mollusca Carries a pathogen without being effected by it Example : Bubonic plague Flea carries the disease
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Flagellates
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Sporozoans (Apicomplexians)
Locomotion none (flagella in some phases) Lifestyle all parasitic Examples Plasmodium vivax causes Malaria Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis
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Sporozoans
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Mosquito Facts Mosquitoes are responsible for more human death than any other living creature. Male mosquitoes do not bite. The real risk is from female mosquitoes which bite when in search of a blood meal to provide protein for their eggs. Most adult mosquitoes live for about two weeks. There are over 2,500 species of mosquitoes in the world. The welts that appear after a mosquito leaves isn't from the bite - it's an allergic reaction to saliva the mosquito injected under the skin to prevent the blood from clotting Mosquitoes like dark areas and will suck the juice out of plants in order to live - including tree leaves, grass, shrubs, etc
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Algae Plant like Protists
Autotrophic (all have chlorophyll a) Have cell wall Alga are divided by pigments, cell wall types, and food storage compounds FYI Thallus - body portion of an algae Blue green algae are not protists at all-- they are Cyanobacteria, a moneran (lab) Watch the green algae, because of their similarities with them, they are probably the ancestors of modern plants
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Algae: Plant-like Protists
Unicellular Phylum Euglenophyta Euglena Phylum Chyrsophyta (Bacillariophyta) golden algae diatoms Phylum Pyrrophyta fire algae Dinoflagellates Multicellular Phylum Rhodophyta red algae red seaweed. Phylum Phaeophyta brown algae kelp Phylum Chlorophyta green algae Volvox
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Chlorophyta “green algae”
Pigments (like plants) chl a,b carotenoids Cell wall = cellulose (like plants) Storage = starch (like plants) Ancestors of plants Can be unicellular, filimentous, colonial, and multicellular Motile - uni and colonial Habitat – fresh water
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Algae Structure Unicellular Filamentous Colonial Multicellular
single cell phytoplankton Filamentous the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands cells do not differentiate Colonial groups of cells acting in a coordinated manner Multicellular Some differentiation
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Example 1 of Chlorophyta “green algae”
Chlamydomonos - Unicellular - Motile, Flagellated
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Example #2 of Chlorophyta “green algae”
Spirogyra Filimentous - the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands -cells do not differentiate
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Example #3 of Chlorophyta “green algae”
Volvox , Pandorina Colonial: Cells have different roles flagellated cells photosynthetic gametocytes Cells not trully differentiated
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Example #4 of Chlorophyta “green algae”
Ulva (sea lettuce) Multicellular Reproduces by alternation of generations
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Phaeophyta “brown algae”
Pigments chl a,c carotenoids Fucoxanthin
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Phaeophyta“brown algae”
Examples kelp parts of kelp holdfast, stipe, blade, bladder temperate seaweed All multicellular habitat salt water nonmotile* blade bladder stipe holdfast
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Rhodophyta “red algae”
pigments chl a carotenoids Phycoblins cell wall CaCO3
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Rhodophyta “red algae”
examples tropical red seaweed multicellular habitat salt water nonmotile “agar”
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Pyrrophyta “fire algae” dinoflagellata
pigments chl a,c carotenoids peridinum cell wall cellulose food storage starch
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Pyrrophyta “fire algae”
Examples: dinoflagellates unicellular habitat fresh/salt motile: biflagellates
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Pyrrophyta Dinoflagellates red tide
cause “red tide” often phosphorescent Algal bloom Toxins
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Chrysophyta “golden algae”
Pigment chl a,b carotenoids fucoxanthin cell wall silica cell wall food storage oil
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Chrysophyta “golden algae”
Example: diatoms Unicellular (some colonial) motile : raphe habitat salt/fresh water reproduction asexual sexual FORM: Diatomaceous Earth Petroleum Deposits
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Euglenophyta Pigment Cell Wall Food Storage chl a chl b carotenoids
protein pellicle Food Storage polysaccharide
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Euglenophyta Examples: all unicellular Euglena,
Astasia (can lose its chloroplasts and become heterotrophic) all unicellular motile: flagella Habitat fresh water Euglenophyta eyespot
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Fungus-like protists Heterotrophic with external digestion.
Absorptive nutrition similar lifestyle as fungi multicellular multinucleate 2 groups (based on cell type) Water molds are composed of filaments of cells. Phylum Oomycota Slime molds are amoeba-like. Phylum Myxomycota Phylum Acrasiomycota
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Oomycetes Known as have cellulose in cell wall
“water molds” have cellulose in cell wall ex water molds and downy mildews have branching filaments called hyphae
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Oomycetes Causes one cause of “ick” grows on decaying aquatic life
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Oomycetes Cell wall cellulose Body structure branching filaments
few cell walls
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Oomycetes Causes potato blight root, fruit, crown rot puckeye rot
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Oomycetes Causes downy mildew round worm parasite
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Chytridiomycota Known as Reproduction
Water Mold Reproduction flagellated sex cells Probable ancestor of modern fungi Sprogyra with chytrid parasite
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Chytridiomycota Habitat Cell wall Body structure Mostly Unicellular
aquatic Cell wall chitin like fungi Body structure long filaments Mostly Unicellular Mostly Parasites
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Myxomycota Example is plasmodial slime molds multinucleate
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Myxomycota Habitat : Terrestrial Body structure
One enormous cell (plasmodium) many nuclei covered in slime sheath leaves a slime track
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Myxomycota Life Cycle (reproduction)
spends most of life as a plasmodium produces fruiting bodies with gametes gametes behave like amoebas two gametes meet--> produce new plasmodium Myxomycota
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Myxomycota Life Cycle (reproduction)
spends most of life as a plasmodium produces fruiting bodies with gametes gametes behave like amoebas two gametes meet--> produce new plasmodium
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Acrasiomycota Example is cellular slime molds
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Acrasiomycota Life Cycle most of life as AMOEBA
one nucleus haploid in stress, come together form “slug” or “grex” send up fruiting body newly hatched cells are amoeba
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