1. Photosynthesis As a Metabolic Process

2. What is it? Process where green plants (and certain photosynthetic bacteria) absorb sunlight and convert it to stored chemical energy Energy transformation from radiant to chemical energy (Laws of Thermodynamics apply) A knowledge of both chemistry and physics are relevant to an understanding of photosynthesis

3. Summary Equation CO 2 + H 2 O  (CH 2 O) n + O 2 State of knowledge in 1900 Energy requiring reaction Green plants and sunlight needed Oxidation/reduction reaction

4. Global Impact CO 2 and O 2 are recycled by plants Photosynthesis changed the atmosphere for aerobes Photosynthesis ties up greenhouse gases (CO 2 ) in vegetation

5. Light absorption is primarily carried out by chlorophyll Chlorophyll has a characteristic absorption spectrum Why are green plants green? Two types of chlorophyll “a” and “b” What is the advantage for plants to having two types of chlorophyll? What is the purpose of accessory Pigments?

6. Photosynthetic pigments are found in the chloroplast in protein-pigment complexes Photosynthetic pigments are found in thylakoid membranes

7. Thylakoids have three types of pigment complexes Photosystem I (mostly chl a) - P680 reaction center Photosystem II (mostly chl a) - P700 reaction center LHC (Light Harvesting Complex) (~1:1 chl a to b) Role of LHC

8. What happens to light filtered through a plant canopy? Role of LHC? Chl a/b ratio

9. What happens when a photon (of correct energy) is absorbed by chlorophyll? Electron returns to ground state (heat emitted) Electron returns to ground state (photon emitted as fluorescence) Electron transferred to an acceptor molecule (photochemistry) Photon energy absorbed by electron leads to an unstable “excited state”

10. How do the photosystems cooperate?

11. What are the products of the light reactions? NADPH ATP O 2

12. The synthesis of carbohydrates in photosynthesis involves the reduction of CO 2 CO 2  (CH 2 O) n Where does the energy come from? Metabolic process called the Calvin Cycle

13. Key reaction in the Calvin Cycle Rubisco – the most abundant protein on earth

14. Calvin Cycle has two essential tasks

15. Rubisco has both carboxylase and oxygenase activities O=C=O and O=O look similar to enzyme active site Oxygenase reaction: O 2 + RUBP  3 PGA + 2 phosphoglycolate (2C) 2(2 phosphoglycolate)  3 PGA + CO 2 Release of CO 2 is photorespiration

16. Impact of photorespiration? Air: 21% O 2 and 0.03% CO 2 CO 2 and O 2 compete for active site of rubisco 34% of rubisco activity is oxygenase Alternate CO 2 assimilation metabolism: C4 and CAM