1. Concepts: Conflict and Change Individuals and Groups Rule of Law
SS8H11a Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag.
Concepts:
Conflict and Change
Individuals and Groups
Rule of Law 1 1

2. 1940s 1950s BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr.
WHAT ROLE DID THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE AND EVENTS PLAY IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OF THE 1940s and 1950s?
1940s
1950s
1946 GOVERNOR’S RACE / END OF WHITE PRIMARY
HERMAN TALMADGE
BENJAMIN MAYS
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr.
1956 STATE FLAG

3. Georgia's Three Governors Controversy
In 1947, one of the most bizarre incidents took place in the history of U.S. state politics. Eugene Talmadge had been elected governor of Georgia for the fourth time in November The problem arose when "Ole' Gene" died of cirrhosis of the liver on December 21,1946 before he had been inaugurated governor.The controversy that followed quickly evolved into a constitutional crisis. This was the first time blacks were allowed to vote in the primary since Reconstruction.
Who would become the governor of Georgia?

4. Would it be Herman Talmadge?
Knowing that Eugene Talmadge was not well going into the November general election, some of Talmadge's followers undertook a write-in campaign his son, Herman Talmadge. The reason for the write-in campaign was due to a provision which stated that the Georgia General Assembly would elect a governor from the next two candidates, "then in life" if the winner of the general election died before taking office. Since no Republican candidate was present, the Talmadgites reasoned that young "Hummon" would become governor should Eugene die.

5. Would it be Ellis Arnall?
The outgoing governor, Ellis Arnall, announced that he would not leave the office until it was clear who the new governor was. Arnall's actions galvanized Talmadge's supporters, who bitterly hated his anti-Talmadge policies. The legislature's election of Talmadge provoked a confrontation between the Talmadge and Arnall camps. Talmadge asked Arnall to honor the General Assembly's election. Arnall maintained that the legislature had no right to elect a governor and refused to step aside. Talmadge then ordered state troopers to remove Arnall from the capitol and see that he returned home safely. On January 15, the day of the legislative election, both Herman Talmadge and Ellis Arnall claimed to be governor of Georgia and shared the same offices in the capitol. By the next day Talmadge had seized control of the governor's office and had the locks on the doors changed. Arnall continued to maintain his position as governor and even set up a governor's office in exile in an information kiosk in the capitol. Ultimately, Arnall relinquished his claim as governor and supported Thompson.

6. Would it be Melvin Thompson?
In the wake of Talmadge's death, his supporters proposed a plan that allowed the Georgia legislature to elect a governor in January When the General Assembly elected Talmadge's son as governor, the newly elected lieutenant governor, Melvin Thompson, claimed the office of governor since as the lieutenant governor he would replace the governor in case of death.
In March 1947 the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Melvin Thompson was the rightful governor because he was lieutenant governor–elect when Eugene Talmadge died. In a five-to-two decision the justices ruled that Thompson would be the acting governor until a special election could be held to decide the remainder of the original term.

7. Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the 3 governors controversy section of your graphic organizer.

8. SOCIAL CHANGE IN AMERICA
WHILE THE REST OF AMERICA WAS EMBRACING SOCIAL EQUALITY AND FAIRNESS BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK AMERICANS, HERMAN TALMADGE TRIED TO MAINTAIN THE “JIM CROW” LAWS OF SEGREGATION.

9. IF HERMAN TALMADGE HAD HIS WAY - YOU WOULDN’T SEE THIS ON TELEVISION

10. Herman Talmadge
Seved in Navy during WWII
Law degree from UGA
Followed father Eugene into politics
Served as governor in late 40s early 50s
Part of 3 governors controversy
Brought first sales tax to GA to help fund
public schools
Attracted new businesses to our state
Served as US Senator
Sponsored bill that created Food Stamps
to not only help poor but to provide a
market for farmers as well
Price controls and other support for Ag.
Ag, Finance, and Watergate Committees
National figure as GA Senator
He can be considered generally progressive in the context of Georgia politics at that time. However, like most southern governors of that era, Talmadge was a staunch segregationist who resisted all attempts to integrate the public school system.

11. Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the Herman Talmadge section of your graphic organizer.

12. Benjamin Mays African American minister.educator, scholar,
social activist
Longtime president of Morehouse College
Significant mentor to MLK, Jr.
One of the most articulate and outspoken
critics of segregation before the rise of
Civil Rights
Mays's unwavering emphasis on two ideas in particular the dignity of all human beings and the incompatibility of American democratic ideals with American social practices became vital strains in the language of King and the civil rights movement.

13. Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the Benjamin Mays section of your graphic organizer.

14. BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
SUPREME COURT CASE

15. OVER A DECADE TO FINALLY INTEGRATE?
IF BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION ENDED SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1954, THEN HOW COME IT TOOK SOUTHERN STATES
OVER A DECADE TO FINALLY INTEGRATE?

16. THIS PICTURE IS FROM A COURT HOUSE IN GEORGIA.
THE SUPREME COURT IN PLESSY V. FERGUSON RULED THAT SEGREGATION WAS LEGAL
AS LONG AS
FACILITIES WERE EQUAL.
DOES THAT LOOK EQUAL?
HOW IRONIC THAT THE WATER FOUNTAINS IN THIS PHOTO ARE IN A COURT HOUSE,
OF ALL PLACES.

17. Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the Brown v
Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the Brown v. Board of Education section of your graphic organizer.

18. Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr.

23. Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the Martin Luther King, Jr
Turn-and-talk with a partner and complete the Martin Luther King, Jr. section of your graphic organizer.

24. State Flag, Georgia's General Assembly ratified the addition of the Confederate Battle Flag to the state flag in 1956 as a backlash to the Brown v. Board of Educationﾊdecisions, which federally imposed integration of public schools.

25. WHAT ROLE DID THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE AND EVENTS PLAY IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OF THE 1940S and 1950s?
1940s
1950s
1946 GOVERNOR’S RACE / END OF WHITE PRIMARY
1st time blacks allowed to vote in primary election since Reconstruction.
Eugene Talmadge lost the popular vote but won the election b/c of the county unit system (rural support), but died before taking office, which created the “Three Governors Controversy”.
HERMAN TALMADGE
Became Governor of Georgia after the Three Governor’s Controversy.
Like his father Eugene, Herman was a segregationist and supporter of white supremacy.
BENJAMIN MAYS
Minister, educator, civil rights activist, and president of Morehouse College
Was a mentor to his student Martin Luther King
Believed in the dignity of all human beings
Believed that there was a difference between American democracy and actual social practices.
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
Overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson court case that allowed “Jim Crow “ segregation laws
Segregation of public schools became illegal and unconstitutional because in reality separate facilities were not equal.
DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr.
Civil Rights leader from Atlanta
Led the Montgomery bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested
Led non-violent protest marches and speeches to gain racial equality in America
1956 STATE FLAG
Flag was changed to include the Confederate battle emblem as a sign of protesting the integration of blacks into all white public schools
The flag would be changed in 2001 25

26. Concepts: Conflict and Change Individuals and Groups Rule of Law
SS8H11b Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox.
Concepts:
Conflict and Change
Individuals and Groups
Rule of Law 26 26

27. DESEGREGATING UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
IF BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION ENDED SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1954, THEN HOW COME IT TOOK SOUTHERN STATES
OVER A DECADE TO FINALLY INTEGRATE?
1954
BROWN V.
BOARD OF EDUCATION
1956
GEORGIA
STATE
FLAG
1960
SIBLEY
COMMISSION
1961
DESEGREGATING UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
1964
CIVIL
RIGHTS
ACT
Georgia changed the state flag to protest Brown v. BOE
Georgia was against integration
Supreme Court rules 9-0 that segregation in public schools is illegal - unconstitutional
Georgia had to decide whether to close schools or integrate. The state asked citizens.
Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter became the 1st African-American students to attend UGA.
Segregation of public facilities were outlawed. This was the end of the Jim Crow era.

28. Concepts: Conflict and Change Individuals and Groups Rule of Law
SS8H11b Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox.
Concepts:
Conflict and Change
Individuals and Groups
Rule of Law 28 28

29. SNCC
STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE
Young blacks and whites organized sit-ins, marches, freedom rides, and voter registration to end segregation in the South.
ALBANY MOVEMENT
Movement to desegregate the city of Albany
SNCC, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the NAACP used non-violent protests, marches, and boycotts. Hundreds were arrested, including Martin Luther King.
1963 MARCH ON
WASHINGTON
Large rally for jobs and freedom
300,000 Americans attended and listened to Martin Luther King, Jr. give his famous “I Have A Dream” speech.
The march helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

40. SNCC
STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE
Young blacks and whites organized sit-ins, marches, freedom rides, and voter registration to end segregation in the South.
ALBANY MOVEMENT
Movement to desegregate the city of Albany
SNCC, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the NAACP used non-violent protests, marches, and boycotts. Hundreds were arrested, including Martin Luther King.
1963 MARCH ON
WASHINGTON
Large rally for jobs and freedom
300,000 Americans attended and listened to Martin Luther King, Jr. give his famous “I Have A Dream” speech.
The march helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

41. DESEGREGATING UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
IF BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION ENDED SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1954, THEN HOW COME IT TOOK SOUTHERN STATES
OVER A DECADE TO FINALLY INTEGRATE?
1954
BROWN V.
BOARD OF EDUCATION
1956
GEORGIA
STATE
FLAG
1960
SIBLEY
COMMISSION
1961
DESEGREGATING UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
1964
CIVIL
RIGHTS
ACT
Georgia changed the state flag to protest Brown v. BOE
Georgia was against integration
Supreme Court rules
9-0 that segregation in public schools is illegal - unconstitutional
Georgia had to decide whether to close schools or integrate. The state asked citizens.
Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter became the 1st African-American students to attend UGA.
Segregation of public facilities were outlawed. This was the end of the Jim Crow era.

42. Concepts: Conflict and Change Individuals and Groups Rule of Law
SS8H11b Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox.
Concepts:
Conflict and Change
Individuals and Groups
Rule of Law 42 42

43. SS8H11c Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.
Concept:
Individuals and Groups 43 43

44. MAYNARD JACKSON LESTER MADDOX ANDREW YOUNG
First African-American mayor of Atlanta in 1974
Expanded Hartsfield Airport, now called Hartsfield-Jackson
Helped bring the 1996 Olympics to Atlanta
Segregationist - Became Governor of Georgia in 1967
Became more compassionate by appointing more blacks to positions in government than any other governor before him and integrated the Georgia State Patrol.
Leader in Civil Rights movement with Martin Luther King
1st black person elected to US House of Representatives from Georgia since Reconstruction
UN Ambassador and mayor of Atlanta who also helped bring the Olympics to Atlanta

47. MAYNARD JACKSON
LESTER MADDOX
ANDREW YOUNG