1. Ch. 51 Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness 01

2. Ch. 52 02 Consciousness: Personal Awareness Awareness of Internal and External Stimuli –Internal Awareness William James: stream of consciousness Sigmund Freud: unconscious Sleep/dreaming research –External Awareness Mere Exposure Effect: we prefer stimuli we have seen before, even if we cannot remember seeing it. Priming: We respond more quickly/accurately to questions we seen before, even if we cannot remember hearing it. Selective Attention: the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus –Cocktail Party Effect

3. Ch. 53 02 Levels of Consciousness Levels of awareness –Conscious Level: Information about you & environment you are aware of. –Nonconscious Level: Body process controlled by your mind (heart beat/respiration) –Preconscious Level: Information about you & environment that you are not currently thinking of but could be (recall easily) –Subconscious Level: Information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior (mere exposure effect/priming) –Unconscious Level: Psychoanalytic psychologists believe some events/feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind & are represented into the unconscious mind.

4. Ch. 54 03 The Electroencephalograph: A Physiological Index of Consciousness EEG – monitoring of brain electrical activity Brain-waves –Amplitude (height) –Frequency Beta (13-24 cps) Alpha (8-12 cps) Theta (4-7 cps) Delta (<4 cps)

5. Ch. 55 05 Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythms: 24 hr biological cycles –Regulation of sleep/other body functions (temp/metabolism) –Jet Lag: Disturbing your biological clock by going to sleep at the wrong time. Best to travel west to east than east to west. It takes 1 day to make up for each time zone to cross. Physiological pathway of the biological clock: –Light levels  retina  suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus  pineal gland  secretion of melatonin Melatonin: Hormone that helps adjust our biological clocks

6. Ch. 56 06 Sleep/Waking Research Instruments: –Electroencephalograph (EEG) – brain electrical activity –Electromyograph (EMG)– muscle activity –Electrooculograph (EOG) – eye movements –Other bodily functions also observed

7. Ch. 57 07 Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep Stage 1: brief, transitional (1-7 minutes) –alpha  theta –hypnic jerks Stage 2: sleep spindles (10-25 minutes) Stages 3 & 4: slow-wave sleep (30 minutes) REM (Stage 5): rapid eye movement, EEG similar to awake, vivid dreaming (first a few minutes, then longer as you sleep longer) –Repeat the cycle 4 times a night –NonREM: refers to all the stages that are not REM –Age decreases REM, Babies spend most sleep in REM

8. Ch. 58 Figure 5.5 An overview of the cycle of sleep 08

9. Ch. 59 09 The Neural Bases of Sleep Brain Structures: –Ascending reticular activating system –Pons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system Neurotransmitters: –Acetylcholine and serotonin –Also norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA

10. Ch. 510 12 Sleep Deprivation Complete deprivation –3 or 4 days max Partial deprivation or sleep restriction –impaired attention, reaction time, coordination, and decision making Selective deprivation –REM and slow-wave sleep –Rebound Effect: If lacking REM of SWS your body will make up the following night with more time in that deficient sleep area.

11. Ch. 511 Figure 5.9 Effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance 13

12. Ch. 512 14 Sleep Problems Insomnia: Most common sleep disorder, increases with age, effects more women then men. (Stress) 1. Falling Asleep 2. Staying Asleep 3. Early Awakening Narcolepsy: Effect.001% of the population, falling asleep uncontrollably from awake to REM unpredictably. Sleep Apnea: 2 nd most common, a person stops breathing (10 sec minimum) & reflexively gasps for air that awakens them. Nightmares: Anxiety arousing dreams that lead to awaking in REM. They remember the dream vividly. Night Terrors: Intense arousal and panic that awakens someone during NREM (accompanied by screaming). Effects children's ages 3-8. They cannot remember the dream. Somnambulism: Sleepwalking, occurs the first 2 hours of sleep, with no recollection

13. Ch. 513 Figure 5.11 The vicious cycle of dependence on sleeping pills 15 Treatment: Drugs Reduction in caffeine More exercise early in the day Meditation

14. Ch. 514 Figure 5.12 Sleep problems and the cycle of sleep 16

15. Ch. 515 17 Dreams and Dreaming Dreams: mental experiences during sleep –Content usually familiar –Common themes –Waking life spillover: day residue Lucid Dreams: Dreams we are aware of & can control the storyline. External stimuli can be incorporated (alarm clock)

16. Ch. 516 17 Theories of Dreams Sigmund Freud: Dreams are wish fulfilling acted out by our unconscious desires. “day residue”, we must interpret repressed info. Cognitive Problem Solving: ( Rosalind Cartwright) Dreams give opportunity to work through every day problems b/c dreams are not restrictive by logic or realism. Activation Synthesis: (Hobson & McCarley) Dreams are simple outburst of neurons firing in the lower brain centers.

17. Ch. 517 Figure 5.14 Three theories of dreaming 18

18. Ch. 518 19 Hypnosis: Altered State of Consciousness or Role Playing? Hypnosis = a systematic procedure that increases suggestibility. 10% do not respond Hypnotic susceptibility: individuals who respond to suggestion & imaginative do well w/ hypnosis. Dissociation: splitting off mental processes into 2 simultaneous streams of awareness Effects produced through hypnosis: –Anesthesia –Sensory distortions and hallucinations –Disinhibition –Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia

19. Ch. 519 20 Meditation Meditation = practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control Yoga, Zen, transcendental meditation (TM) –Potential physiological benefits Similar to effective relaxation procedures Heart rate, oxygen consumption & carbon dioxide decline which leads to beneficial state.

20. Ch. 520 Drugs & Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs: a chemical substance that alters perception & alters moods Physical Dependence: a physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Psychological Dependence: a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions.

21. Ch. 521 Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of an addictive drug 20 Drug Tolerance After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drug effect Response to first exposure

22. Ch. 522 21 Psychoactive Drugs Narcotics (Depressants): pain relieving, euphoria (heroin/opiates) –Alcohol: produces relaxed euphoria, decreases in inhibitions –Side effects: lethargy, nausea, impaired motor & mental functioning, depression Sedatives: sleep inducing, decreases CNS (seconal) –Side effects: drowsiness, mood swings, serve impairments in motor/mental functioning, depression Stimulants: increase CNS & behavior activity (cocaine/caffeine) –Side effects: restlessness, anxiety, paranoia & insomnia, heart disease

23. Ch. 523 21 Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens: distort sensory and perceptual experience (LSD) –Side effects: can produce nightmarish feelings of anxiety & paranoia Cannabis: produce mild, relaxed euphoria (marijuana) –Side effects: lowered sex hormones, disrupted memory, lung damage

24. Ch. 524 Table 5.3 Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance, Dependence, Potential for Fatal Overdose, and Health Risks 22

25. Ch. 525 A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs 22 Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, relaxation and disinhibition organ damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief Depressed physiology, from pain Agonizing withdrawal Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, Cardiovascular stress, confidence, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arouses and relaxes, sense Heart disease, cancer of well-being (from tars) Marijuana Mild Enhances sensation, Lowered sex hormones, hallucinogen relieves pain, distorts time, disrupted memory, lung relaxed high damage