1. THE MIGRANT EMPOWERED THE CULTURE OF PROTEST

2. OUTLINE HISTORY OF FILIPINO MIGRANT MOVEMENTS TRANSFORMING/CONTINUING A MOVEMENT INTERNATIONALIZING A MOVEMENT THE CULTURE OF PROTEST

3. HISTORY OF MIGRANT MOVEMENTS THE ILUSTRADO MOVEMENT IN SPAIN THE FARM WORKERS’ MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES MOVEMENTS FOR HISTORY AND IDENTITY DIASPORA NATIONALISM

4. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT IN SPAIN 1872-1892 ILUSTRADOS REPRESENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE SPANISH PARLIAMENT SECULARIZATION OF CLERGY LEGALIZATION OF SPANISH AND FILIPINO EQUALITY CREATION OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM FREE OF FRIARS

5. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT ABOLITION OF FORCED LABOR ABOLITION OF FORCED SALE OF LOCAL PRODUCTS FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND ASSOCIATION EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES GOVT SERVICE

6. JOSE RIZAL NOVELS “Noli Me Tangere” or “Touch Me Not” “El Filibusterismo” or “The Subversive” Essays on race, language, and nationalism – scientific arguments

7. LA SOLIDARIDAD 2/15/1889 – 11/ 15/1895 7 VOLUMES, 160 ISSUES EDITORS GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA and MARCELO H. DEL PILAR 15 TH AND LAST DAY, 12 -16 PAGES

8. LA SOLIDARIDAD All Filipino org est. Dec. 1988 First president Galicano Apacible Rizal – honorary president Rival organization for Miguel Morayta’s Spanish Orient of Freemasonry

9. EXECUTION OF RIZAL

10. THE USE OF THE LETTER K “K” has a value more fixed than c and q It also facilitates the grammatical formulation of verbs whose roots begin with “ka” and “ku.” Also, the Tagalog syllables ka, ki, ko, ku do not sound the same as the Spanish ca, qui, co, qu, because the Tagalog “k” is subtly aspirated;

11. K and Nationalism “ K is for De- Kolonization: Anti- Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform” in Comparative Studies in Society and History 2007; 49 (4) 938-967 By MEGAN THOMAS

12. THOMAS’S ASSERTIONS 1892, official Katipunan documents appeared using the letter K Their orthographic choices suggested a continuity between those who advocated the new orthography in 1899 and the Katipunan leaders-- ideology related not divorced Use of K in emblem exploited symbolic significance -- “flagging the nation”

13. THOMAS QUOTING KATHRYN WOOLARD, 1998 “In countries where identity and nation are under negotiation, every aspect of language, including its graphic representation, can be contested. This means that orthographic systems… are symbols that themselves carry cultural, historical and political meanings.” Woolard 1898, “Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry.”

14. First flag sewn by Benita Rodriguez with Gregoria de Jesus

15. FLAG USED BY SOME MEMBERS

16. BONIFACIO’S PERSONAL FLAG

17. NEW SYMBOLS

19. MAGDALO FLAG -- FIRST OFFICIAL BANNER

22. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT NOTES Movement of the educated elite Relationship to the revolution Continuity through the letter K

23. STRUGGLE OF FARM WORKERS

24. PAJARO VALLEY, 1939

25. PHILIP VERA CRUZ (1904-1994) CO-FOUNDER OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS; ORGANIZING COMMITTEE WHICH MERGED WITH THE NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION TO FORM THE UNITED FARM WORKERS. WAS LONG TIME VICE- PRESIDENT

26. GREAT DELANO GRAPE STRIKE “ On Sept 8, 1965, at the Filipino Hall at 1457 St. in Delano, the Filipino members of AWOC held a mass meeting to discuss and decide whether to go on strike or to accept wages proposed by the growers…

27. PHILIP VERA CRUZ’S WORDS “…The decision was “to strike” and it became one of the most significant and famous decisions ever made in the history of the farmworkers’ struggles in California. It was like an incendiary bomb, exploding out the strike message to the workers…

28. VERA CRUZ’S WORDS “… in the vineyards, telling them to have sit-ins in the labor camps, and set up picket lines at every grower’s ranch. It was this strike that eventually made the UFW, the farm workers’ movement and Cesar Chavez, famous worldwide.

29. NEW UNION GROWERS’ ATTEMPT TO BRING IN MEXICAN AMERICAN WORKERS MEETING BETWEEN NATIONAL FARM WORKERS AND NATIONAL FARM LABOR UNION – VERA CRUZ, LARRY ITLIONG, AND PETE VELASCO BOTH UNIONS JOINED

33. WHY REMEMBER VERA CRUZ Symbol of resistance Countered assimilationist desires Important to second-generation Filipino Americans Less known than Cesar Chavez – reclaiming history

34. CONTINUING/TRANSFORMI NG A MOVEMENT

48. THE BAYBAYIN SCRIPT

49. Variety of Letter Shapes-- from Scott’s 1984 study of Santamaria’s book 1938

60. INTERNATIONALIZING A MOVEMENT THE CONCEPTS OF COSMOPOLITANISM AND NATIONALISM DIASPORA NATIONALISM MIGRANT ORGANIZING

71. MIGRANTE AUSTRALIA

73. KASAMMA KO --KOREA

75. ROOTS IN THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT OF INTELLECTUALS FARM WORKERS THE RADICALIZED MIGRANT THE SECOND GENERATION FILIPINO-AMERICAN’S JOURNEY DIASPORA NATIONALISM