2. Katy Hoag Cal Poly AgEd410

3. u Nutrition is the science that deals with the use of food and the processes that change food into body tissues and energy.

4. u Horses need to use feed stuffs to convert into products such as milk, offspring, and work.

5. Digestible Nutrient u Portion of a nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed for use in the body.

6. Protein Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Vitamins Water Air

7. u Needed throughout life for growth and repair. u Help to form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, and hoofs. u Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

8. Examples of Protein: u Meat and Bone Meal u Fish Meal u Soybean Meal u High quality alfalfa u Dried skim milk u Amino Acids

9. Carbohydrates: u furnish energy. u are the largest part of food supply, usually the fibrous part of the diet. u include sugars, starch, and cellulose.

10. u Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much as carbohydrates. u Form cholesterol, steroids, and other body compounds. u Affect the condition of the skin and hair. u Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. u Also provide energy reserves, protection of vital organs, and insulation of the body

11. u Primarily in bones and teeth u Important in blood for carrying of oxygen u Regulates heartbeat with Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium.

12. Vitamins u Only needed in small amounts u Provide defense against disease u Promote growth and reproduction u Contribute to overall health

13. Water u Water accounts for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals.

14. Feed Classification u Roughages u Concentrates u Supplements

15. u High in fiber, relatively low in digestible nutrients. u Alfalfa u Clover u Soybeans u Oat Hay u Corn Silage

16. u Feeds that are low in fiber and relatively high in digestible nutrients. u Corn u Barley u Oats u Sorghum

17. u These are the “extras” that supply some necessary nutrient. u Minerals: salt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc are examples. u Vitamins: A and D are most important to ruminant animals.

18. What is nutrition? The utilization of food to be converted into meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work What are the 6 nutrients needed? Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins and Water. What are the 3 classifications of feed? Roughages, Concentrates and Supplements. Review…

19. Digestive Physiology of the Horse

20. The Digestive Tract u Horses are non-ruminant herbivores u Horses are able to utilize large amounts of roughage due to their relatively large cecum u Cecum is a section of the colon where digestive bacteria break down roughage

21. Digestive Tract u The Mouth- first part of digestive system. u Mouth has 2 main functions- masticate food and wet food with saliva.

22. Digestive tract cont. u Teeth should be examined by professional periodically to check for sharp edges that must be floated or filed down

23. Digestive tract cont. u The esophagus- 50- 60 inches long in an adult horse. u Esophagus will not allow vomiting. u Stomach may actually rupture before animal will vomit.

24. Digestive tract cont. u The Stomach- relatively small. Therefore horses should be fed several small meals per day. u The Small Intestine- contains 30% of the capacity of the entire tract. Food in the small intestine is 93-95% liquid. Nutrients are absorbed here.

25. Digestive tract cont. u The large intestine- 25 feet long, divided into cecum, colon and rectum

27. Rate of passage u 95% of all food eaten will be excreted in the form of feces within 65-75 hours of ingestion

28. Site of Digestion u Protein, Carbohydrates,fat, minerals and vitamins are all digested in the small intestine u Water is absorbed in the large intestine

29. Factors Affecting Digestion u Processing of feeds- pellets require less digestion than whole grains.

30. Feed processing u Grinding feed speeds digestion

31. Feed Processing u Crimping oats will increase rate of digestion.

32. Factors affecting Digestion cont. u Level of intake- the more grain eaten, the less digested u Frequency of feeding- frequent feeding can increase level of digestion.

33. Factors cont. u Work- light work increases digestion, heavy work inhibits it.