2. 1 History of Biotechnology

3. 2 Food Production Microorganisms have been used to produce foods like: yogurt, cheese, rootbeer, wine Came about by accident: No knowledge of food preservation Moist foods became contaminated with bacteria, yeast, and molds

4. 3 Production of Yogurt Commercial yogurt = fermented dairy product made by action of two bacteria: Streptococcus thermophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus As bacteria metabolize sugar, they produce acid causing the casein(protein) to coagulate

5. 4 Food Production and Bioprocessing In the production of yogurt, biomass is what is harvested Biomass = total dry weight of all organisms in a sample or population In the production of wine or other foods, it is the metabolite you are harvesting

6. 5 Metabolite = substance (excreted during) involved in metabolism Primary metabolite = excreted during growth phase Secondary metabolite = excreted during the end of growth phase or during secondary phase

7. 6 Bacterial Growth Curve Lag Phase – number of cells change very little because the cells do not immediately reproduce in a new medium; cells ar synthesizing DNA and enzymes Log Phase – cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth; logarithmically increases; cellular reproduction is most active

8. 7 Stationary Phase – exhaustion of nutrients, accumulation of waste products and harmful changes in pH cause the colony to stabilize Death Phase – number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed; logarithmic decline

9. 8

10. 9 Wine Production: Harvesting a Primary Metabolite At first it was not known that microorganisms aided in alcohol production Louis Pasteur brought this to light: 1. Yeast converts sugar to alcohol-in the absence of air (fermentation) 2. Souring-occurs when bacteria convert alcohol into vinegar(acetic acid)

11. 10 Pasteur suggested heating the alcohol enough to kill microorganisms (pasteurization)

12. 11 Antibiotic Production: Secondary Metabolite Alexander Fleming (Penicillium notatum) Discovered penicillin by accident

13. 12 Original strain only produced 2mg of penicillin per liter of culture fluid; scientists isolated cultures to develop a strain that produced over 20g./l.

14. 13 Industrial Uses of Plant and Animal Cell Cultures Animal Cell Cultures: Used in production of vaccines Die out after several generations (except for tumor cells) Hybridoma=hybrid, fusing a myeloma (tumor) cell with lymphocytes(white blood cells) to grow indefinitely

15. 14

16. 15 Plant Cells Whole plants serve as sources of agricultural chemicals, drugs, flavoring, and coloring Plant Regeneration Plants developed from single cells: Produce many plants with less effort Virus free cells can be isolated to produce virus-free crops

17. 16 Proliferation – cell growth Apoptosis – programmed cell death

18. 17 What does the future hold?

19. 18 In the 1980’s Biotechnology grew due to the development of recombinant DNA technology Ex. Human insulin grown by bacteria Today the focus is on RNA as well as DNA

20. 19 The End