2. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

3. ‘ Fundamentals ’ of biogeochemical cycles All matter cycles...it is neither created nor destroyed... As the Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to matter, we can say that all matter on Earth cycles. Biogeochemical cycles: the movement (or cycling) of matter through a system

4. by matter we mean: elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) or molecules (water) so the movement of matter (for example carbon) between these parts of the system is, practically speaking, a biogeochemical cycle The Cycling Elements: macronutrients : required in relatively large amounts "big six": carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous sulfur

5. other macronutrients: potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium micronutrients : required in very small amounts, (but still necessary) boron (green plants) copper (some enzymes) molybdenum (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

6. ATMOSPHERE

7. LITHOSPHERE

8. HYDROSPHERE

9. ECOSPHERE

10. 6 of the most important cycles are the water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and oxygen.

11. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

12. CONNECTS ALL OF THE CYCLES AND SPHERES TOGETHER

13. HUMAN IMPACTS TO WATER CYCLE 1.Water withdrawal from streams, lakes and groundwater. (salt water intrusion and groundwater depletion) 2.Clear vegetation from land for agriculture, mining, road and building construction. (nonpoint source runoff carrying pollutants and reduced recharge of groundwater) 3.Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO 2, NO 3, PO 4 ) and destroying wetlands (natural filters). 4.Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and increasing soil erosion.

14. Water Quality Degradation

15. MARINE CARBON CYCLE

16. TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE

17. Explain Natural Sources of Carbon Sources of Carbon from Human Activity Death of plants and animals Animal waste Atmospheric CO2 Weathering Methane gas from cows (and other ruminants) Aerobic respiration from terrestrial and aquatic life Burning wood or forests Cars, trucks, planes Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas to produce heat and energy.

18. Carbon in Oceans Additional carbon is stored in the ocean. Many animals pull carbon from water to use in shells, etc. Animals die and carbon substances are deposited at the bottom of the ocean. Oceans contain earth ’ s largest store of carbon.

20. IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE CARBON IS THE BACKBONE OF LIFE!

21. The Nitrogen Cycle

22. Sources Lightning Inorganic fertilizers Nitrogen Fixation Animal Residues Crop residues Organic fertilizers

24. Forms of Nitrogen Urea  CO(NH 2 ) 2 Ammonia  NH 3 (gaseous) Ammonium  NH 4 Nitrate  NO 3 Nitrite  NO 2 Atmospheric Dinitrogen  N 2 Organic N

25. Global Nitrogen Reservoirs Nitrogen Reservoir Metric tons nitrogen Actively cycled Atmosphere3.9*10 15 No Ocean  soluble salts Biomass 6.9*10 11 5.2*10 8 Yes Land  organic matter  Biota 1.1*10 11 2.5*10 10 Slow Yes

26. Roles of Nitrogen Plants and bacteria use nitrogen in the form of NH 4 + or NO 3 - It serves as an electron acceptor in anaerobic environment Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient in soil and water.

27. Nitrogen is a key element for amino acids nucleic acids (purine, pyrimidine) cell wall components of bacteria (NAM).

28. Nitrogen Cycles Ammonification/mineralization Immobilization Nitrogen Fixation Nitrification Denitrification

29. R-NH 2 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 NO 2 NO N2ON2O N2N2

30. Mineralization or Ammonification Decomposers: earthworms, termites, slugs, snails, bacteria, and fungi Uses extracellular enzymes  initiate degradation of plant polymers Microorganisms uses: Proteases, lysozymes, nucleases to degrade nitrogen containing molecules

31. Plants die or bacterial cells lyse  release of organic nitrogen Organic nitrogen is converted to inorganic nitrogen (NH 3 ) When pH<7.5, converted rapidly to NH 4 Example: Urea NH 3 + 2 CO 2

32. Immobilization The opposite of mineralization Happens when nitrogen is limiting in the environment Nitrogen limitation is governed by C/N ratio C/N typical for soil microbial biomass is 20 C/N < 20  Mineralization C/N > 20  Immobilization

33. Nitrogen Fixation Energy intensive process : N 2 + 8H+ + 8e - + 16 ATP = 2NH 3 + H 2 + 16ADP + 16 Pi Performed only by selected bacteria and actinomycetes Performed in nitrogen fixing crops (ex: soybeans)

34. Microorganisms fixing Azobacter Beijerinckia Azospirillum Clostridium Cyanobacteria Require the enzyme nitrogenase Inhibited by oxygen Inhibited by ammonia (end product)

35. Applications to wetlands Occur in overlying waters Aerobic soil Anaerobic soil Oxidized rhizosphere Leaf or stem surfaces of plants

36. Bacterial Fixation Occurs mostly in salt marshes Is absent from low pH peat of northern bogs Cyanobacteria found in waterlogged soils

37. Optimal pH is between 6.6-8.0 If pH < 6.0  rate is slowed If pH < 4.5  reaction is inhibited In which type of wetlands do you thing Nitrification occurs?

38. Denitrification R-NH 2 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 NO 2 NO N2ON2O N2N2

39. Denitrification Removes a limiting nutrient from the environment 4NO 3 - + C 6 H 12 O 6  2N 2 + 6 H 2 0 Inhibited by O 2 Not inhibited by ammonia Microbial reaction Nitrate is the terminal electron acceptor

40. Looking at the Nitrogen cycle through the eye of NH 4

42. PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

43. HUMAN IMPACTS TO PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE 1.Humans mine LARGE quantities of phosphate rock to use in commercial fertilizers and detergents. Phosphorous is NOT found as a gas, only as a solid in the earth ’ s crust. It takes millions to hundreds of millions of years to replenish. 2.Phosphorous is held in the tissue of the trees and vegetation, not in the soil and as we deforest the land, we remove the ability for phosphorous to replenish globally in ecosystems. 3.Cultural eutrophication – ad excess phosphate to aquatic ecosystems in runoff of animal wastes from livestock feedlots, runoff of commercial phosphate fertilizers fro cropland, and discharge of municipal sewage.

44. IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE 1.Phosphorous is an essential nutrient of both plants and animals. 2. It is part of DNA molecules which carry genetic information. 3. It is part of ATP and ADP) that store chemical energy for use by organisms in cellular respiration. 4. Forms phospholipids in cell membranes of plants and animal cells. 5. Forms bones, teeth, and shells of animals as calcium phosphate compounds.

45. SULFUR CYCLE

46. HUMAN IMPACTS TO SULFUR CYCLE Approximately 1/3 of all sulfur emitted into atmosphere comes from human activities. 1. Burning sulfur containing coal and oil to produce electric power (SOx = acid deposition). 2. Refining petroleum – (SOx emissions) 3. Smelting to convert sulfur compounds of metallic minerals into free metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) 4. Industrial processing.

47. IMPORTANCE OF SULFUR CYCLE 1.Sulfur is a component of most proteins and some vitamins. 2.Sulfate ions (SO 4 2- ) dissolved in water are common in plant tissue. They are part of sulfur-containing amino acids that are the building blocks for proteins. 3.Sulfur bonds give the three dimensional structure of amino acids. 4.Many animals, including humans, depend on plants for sulfur-containing amino acids.

48. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis: occurs within the chloroplasts of green plants. The photosynthetic membranes are arranged in flattened sacs called the thylakoids. 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O light (reactants)(products) Function: Chemical energy Storage for cell use

49. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration occurs in light simultaneously with photosynthesis. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. It is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis. Function = chemical energy release C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O+ chemical energy (reactants)(products)

50. Primary Productivity Connection Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) – the rate at which an ecosystem ’ s producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given period of time. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) – the rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful energy; equal to the difference between energy produced through photosynthesis and energy used for cellular respiration.

52. “ GOOD OZONE UP HIGH ”

53. PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG “ BAD OZONE DOWN LOW ”

54. OZONE DEPLETION

55. ACID DEPOSITION

56. CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

57. Cultural Eutrophication & Anoxia Eutrophication: natural process; over 1000’s of years, lakes fill in with sediment, become marshes then dry land Cultural Eutrophication: same process, but speeded enormously by loading with “limiting nutrients” (typically P, sometimes N) Problems associated with cultural eutrophication –Algal blooms –Water anoxia

58. ROCK CYCLE

59. HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ROCK CYCLE 1. Humans are excavating minerals and removing rock material. It takes millions of years for rock to form. 2. Humans remove sediments for building materials. This removes sediments that may form sedimentary rocks in the future. 3. Humans are filling in wetlands (peatlands), area that will form future coal beds.