1. Describing a graph? MK p 115 Can you name any point / segment of the graph? Steps to take when describing a graph: Determine the topics and time frame What do the numbers and labels represent? A number? A percentage? A price? Describe the overall situation. The general trend. Focus on the highs and lows. When? In what period? For how long? How intensive was the change? Use adjectives and adverbs. → RB, p 18

2. Tools to use: verbs and nouns  prices rise vs. a rise in prices  different levels of intensity: to rise vs. to soar  a growth vs. a surge  transitive & intransitive verbs: rise vs. raise (is an object required?) adjectives and adverbs used to describe:  degree of change: the prices rise significantly a significant rise in prices  speed of change: the prices rise suddenly a sudden rise in prices

3. a rise in prices an upsurge in prices a decline in interest skyrocketing prices soaring prices leaping prices NOUNS ADJECTIVES sharp A dramatic fall steep slight NOTE: Mind the article!

4. VERBS prices shot up prices took off prices rallied figures tumbled prices grew rapidly prices fell dramatically figures rose slightly ADVERBS (HOW? HOW MUCH? HOW QUICKLY)

5. INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE VERBS (no object) VERBS + a direct object PRICES RISE PRICES GROW PRICES JUMP PRICES RALLY PRICES SOAR PRICES FALL PRICES DECLINE PRICES PLUMMET PRICES SLUMP PRIECES PLUNGE TO RAISE PRICES TO BOOST SALES TO SPUR SPENDING TO SLASH TAXES TO BRING DOWN PRICES INCREASE DECREASE → Handout: Trends 1 & 2

6. TENSES (IRREGULAR VERBS) grow / grew / grownrise / rose / risen go / went / gone fall / fell / fallen Sales fell in June last year. Retail sales rose in 2003. Our market share grew last year. Our profits dropped in the first half. Our sales have grown since last year. Their popularity has risen enormously. The output has fallen in the recession.

7. TENSES – IRREGULAR VERBS grow / grew / grownrise / rose / risen go / went / gone fall / fell / fallen Sales f...↓ in June last year. Retail sales r...↑ in 2003. Our market share g... ↑last year. Our profits d...... ↓ in the first half. Our sales........ ↑ since last year. Their popularity............. ↑ enormously. The output........ ↓ because of the recession.

8. COPY THE TABLE AND SORT THE VERBS OUT. FALL RISE CHANGE PICK UP, TOP OUT, DIP, SURGE, PLUMMET, PLUNGE, TAKE OFF, BOTTOM OUT, REBOUND, SKYROCKET, SLIP, SLUMP, SOAR, CRASH, RALLY, TUMBLE, SHRINK, ESCALATE, LEAP

9. MARK 1 “go up”, 2 ”go down”, FOCUS ON VERBS 3 “go up a lot” or 4 “ go down a lot” As part of an overall boom, spending on advertising rocketed in the late 1990s and, in 2000, it soared by more than 8% in America, which represents about half the world market. But then the following year it plunged by 8%. Now the industry is feeling positive again and advertising is expected to escalate by nearly 5% this year. But how is the money being spent? Thanks to the Internet, there was a jump in website advertising of nearly 40%. But is traditional TV advertising shrinking? America’s big TV networks used to reach 90% of households but then this figure plummeted to as low as 33%. Consequently, TV advertising by some multinationals also slumped.

10. ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS used in describing trends or movements A D + V E R B S DEGREE OF CHANGE The oil prices rose sharply. SPEED OF CHANGE In November the oil prices started falling abruptly. A D J E C T I V ES+ NOUNS DEGREE OF CHANGE There was a sharp increase in the price of gold. SPEED OF CHANGE The stock markets saw an abrupt decrease in the ratings.

11. VerbsadverbsNouns (a/an) adjectives to increase to grow to rise to improve to go up dramatically considerably significantly sharply substantially moderately slightly an increase a growth a rise an improvement an upturn dramatic D considerable E significant G sharp R substantial E moderate E slight to decrease to fall to drop to decline to go down abruptly, suddenly, rapidly, quickly, steadily, slowly e gradually… a decrease a fall a drop a decline a downturn abrupt S sudden P rapid E quick E steady D slow gradual TO GO UP OR DOWN A LITTLE grow, rise, increase – not followed by “up” fall, drop, decrease – not followed by “down”

12. ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? There was a CONSIDERABLY / CONSIDERABLE fall. It fell SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY. There was a SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY upturn. The government decreased taxes MODERATE/ MODERATELY. They reported a DRAMATICALLY / DRAMATIC downturn.