1. Discourses on financial markets: Mainstream models, Chaos, Panic and Mania

2. Markets, Cycles and Risk

3. Models of market analysis, risk and forecasting The Fundamentalists The Chartists The Efficient Market modelers The Chaos theorists The Historians

4. The fundamentalists Oldest way to handle “risk” and understand how markets operate If a stock is rising or falling seek the cause in a study of the company or the economy behind it. Postulate: the price of a stock, bond, derivative or currency moves because of some endogenous (or most of the time exogenous) event. Implicit assumption: if one knows the cause, one can forecast and manage risk

5. Problems with the models of the fundamentalists –In reality causes are often obscure and not predictable –Information can be concealed or misrapresented (internet bubble, Enron, Parmalat) –The market mechanisms that links news to price (cause to effect) is often inconsistent (threat of war => some times dollar rises or some time dollar falls. Ex post link is clear, but ex ante there are arguments for both ways) –Investment strategy based on fundamental is grounded on dubious principle “I know more than everybody else”.

6. Enter the Chartists Second oldest form of analysis, also called “technical”. Back in favour in the 1990s and thriving in currency markets Chartists are technicians who look for trend indicators in graphical charts, usually depicting price as a function of time, but often including information on intraday highs & lows as well as closing price. A chartist typically will want to buy into an uptrend, sell into a downtrend and stay out of the market for a sideways trend ("momentum investing").

7. Problems with the chartists Thay are all doing it Everybody knows that everybody else know about this or that technical aspect of the chart (“support points”, “trading range” etc.) Hence bets are placed accordingly Financial astrology is not a basis for understanding financial markets

8. Enter the efficient market modellers What business schools call “modern finance”. It emerged from maths of chance and stats Basic concept: –Prices are not predictable,HOWEVER –their fluctuations can be described by the mathematical laws of chance –HENCE: their risk is measurable, and manageable.

9. Some names Harry Markowitz –the prospect of every stock depends on two number, the reward (mean) and risk (variance of what you expect the stock will pay) William F. Sharpe and Capital Asset Pricing Model –Look at relation between individual stock and market. –Constructs portfolios based on stock’s β (‘beta’), the amount by which the stock reacts to the market –It says that the more you risk, the more you expect to be paid –It says that the most important risk investor face is the general state of the economy reflected in how markets are doing.

10. the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) stock prices follow a random walk percentage price deviations (returns) follow the Normal distribution, with stable mean and finite variance

11. Are stock returns Normally-distributed? FTSE100: closing prices, 1985 – 2005.

12. Are stock returns Normally-distributed? FTSE100: daily price deviations, 1985 – 2005.

13. are stock returns Normally-distributed? FTSE100: daily price deviations, 1985 – 2005.

14. Are stock returns Normally- distributed? Normal distribution: 0.0063% of observations lie more than 4 std. deviations from the mean – approx. 1 in 16,000 0.000057% of observations lie more than 5 std. deviations from the mean – approx. 1 in 1,750,000

15. Are stock returns Normally- distributed? FTSE100: daily price deviations, 1985–2005, plus std. deviation bands

16. Compare for example Mean height for adult male is 174cm with std dev of 9.6cm. 4 std dev is 212cm or 7 feet 5 std dev is 222cm or 7 feet, 4 inches

17. Problems with EMM: shaky assumptions 1... People are rational and aim only to get rich –People are not always rational and self-interested All investors are alike –Investors but stock sfor different reasons and different length of time Price change is practically continuous –Price changes are not smooth, but they do jump. This not only for chaotic rationales (see later) but also because 80% of quotes end in 0 or a 5, skipping intermediate digits.

18. ... Shaky assumptions 2 Price changes follow a Brownian motion –Browniam motion is a term describing the motion of molecule in a uniformly warm medium and believed by EMM to apply to price changes. Based on: –Independence (price changes last year or yesterday do not influence today’s price change) => wrong –Statistical stationarity (the process generating price changes stays the same over time) => wrong –Normal distribution (price changes follow the proportions of the bell curve) => wrong

19. Which chart is real? Plotting changes in stock prices Real EMH generated Real Fractal Model –(Mandelbrot)

20. If it is wrong, why it is used? “it is the benchmark to which everyone in the market refers, much the way, say, people talk abut the temperature in winter even though whether they actually feel cold also depend on the wind, the snow, the clouds, their clothing, and their health. Citigroup’s options analysts have their Black-Scholes formula in front of them all the time, in spreadsheets” (Mandelbrot 2005: 81)

21. Turbulant Markets Turbulence prima facie: erratic peaks and troughs which tend to cluster together (as in wind turbulence) The study of this turbulence => fractal geometry, a new branch of mathematics widely applied to a number of fields http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Panorama/wel come.html) http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Panorama/wel come.html This may describe patterns (without predicting), but cannot provide explanation.

22. the fractal market hypothesis vs EMM stochastic process vs. non-linear (‘chaotic’) deterministic process

23. Manias and Panic: Hyman Minsky model