1. Soil Clay: poor drainage, soil is waterlogged heavy cultivation
cold, late soil
nutrients not leached
Loam:
drains well but water remains in soil
easy cultivation
warms up quite quickly
nutrients remain in the soil
Sand:
drains quickly so the soil is dry
easy cultivation
warms up quickly
nutrients leached from the soil

2. Testing soil pH Add distilled water to soil and mix
Add barium sulphate to allow soil to settle
Add universal indicator solution
Check against a pH chart

3. Effect of soil pH Acid soils can be neutralised using lime
Alkaline soils can be neutralised using FYM
pH affects the ability of plants to absorb nutrients

4. Food Chains and Webs Carnivore/ Secondary Consumer Producer Herbivore/
Primary Consumer
At each stage in the food chain energy is lost because:
organisms respire
some of the organism is inedible eg. bones and roots
some of the organism is indigestible and is excreted in the faeces

5. Habitats
A habitat is a place where an organism lives

6. Weeds These are plants growing where we do not want them to.
They compete with crops for light, water and nutrients

7. Types of Weed Control Chemical: Herbicides Cultural:
Mulching – covering the soil with bark, FYM or grass cuttings
Polythene – black plastic prevents light reaching the weed seeds
Hoeing – removing the weeds with a hoe

8. Monoculture Removal of Hedgerows leading to soil erosion
Loss of Habitats
Increased Pests
Increased use of Fertilisers

9. Organic Food
No artificial fertilisers used, only organic ones like FYM
No chemical pesticides used, only biological control of pests
Organic food is healthier for you but does not necessarily taste any better

10. Use of Large Machinery Improves efficiency of farming
Compacts the soil leading to poor drainage and lack of oxygen for respiration

11. Keeping Animals Intensive Farming:
High inputs of labour, feed, chemicals
Large profits
Animals are at high stocking densities
Animals are not able to show normal behaviour
Extensive Farming:
Low inputs and lower profits
Animals at low stocking densities
Animals are able to behave naturally.

12. Ancient Monuments Farmers must
protect any ancient monuments on their land from damage by the public
protect the public from any damage due to the ancient monument

13. Countryside Right of Way Act
Farmers must ensure that any public footpaths on their land are accessible and stiles are maintained.
Public footpaths cannot go through back or front gardens, military land, quarries, airfields etc. Access can be restricted for example during lambing, nesting or shooting

14. Renewable and Non Renewable energy

15. Risk Assessments