1. Economic Policy

2. The politics of deficit spending The general landscape Deficit: government spending over and above the amount taken in by taxes National debt: combined amount of all deficits Interest on the debt: typically the third highest item in that national budget Gross domestic product (GDP): proportion in relation to debt about the same as 1964 Strategy: get rid of the annual deficit to make progress on the overall debt By raising taxes (political liberals) By cutting spending (political conservatives)

3. Fiscal Policy Managing the economy by the use of tax and spending laws. Where the Money Comes From Federal Income Taxes Social Insurance Taxes Borrowing Other taxes Where the Money Goes Entitlement programs National defense National debt

4. Monetary Policy Managing the economy by altering the supply of money and interest rates Monetary policy is the government’s control of the money supply Too much money in system leads to inflation (devaluation of dollar) Too little money in circulation leads to deflation

5. The Politics of Economic Prosperity Health of American economy creates majoritarian politics Voters influenced by their immediate economic situations Voters worry about the nation as a whole as well as their own situations Voting behavior and economic conditions correlated at the national level but not at the individual level People understand what government can and cannot be held accountable for People see economic conditions as affecting them indirectly, even when they are doing well

6. What politicians try to do Elected officials tempted to take short-term view of the economy Government uses money to influence elections, but government will not always do whatever is necessary Government does not know how to produce desirable outcomes Attempting to cure one economic problem exacerbates another Ideology plays a large role in determining policy Democrats tend to want to reduce unemployment Republicans tend to want to reduce inflation

7. The Politics of Taxing and Spending Inconsistency in what people want out of majoritarian politics No tax increases No government deficit Continued (or higher) government spending Difficult to make meaningful tax cuts Politicians get reelected by spending money Strategy: raise taxes on “other people”

8. Economic Theories & Political Needs 1. Monetarism – inflation occurs when there is too much money chasing too few goods; advocates increase in money supply about equal to economic growth 2. Keynesianism – government should create right level of demand 3. Planning – free market too undependable to ensure economic efficiency; therefore government should control it 4. Supply-side tax cuts – need for less government interference and lower taxes 5. Ideology and theory: people embrace an economic theory partly because of their political beliefs 6. “Reaganomics”: Combination of monetarism, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting

9. The Machinery of Economic Policy Making Fragmented policymaking: not under president’s full control 1. Council of Economic Advisers 2. Office of Management and Budget 3. Secretary of Treasury 4. The Fed (Federal Reserve Board) 5. Congress creates the nation’s fiscal policy

10. The Budget: Overview Document that announces How much the government will collect in taxes How much the government will spend in revenues How expenditures will be allocated among various programs Over the course of the fiscal year (October 1 to September 30) Spending decisions make with little regard to how much money is available

11. Congressional Budget Act of 1974: Procedures 1. President submits budget 2. House and Senate budget committees analyze budget 3. Budget resolution in May proposes budget ceilings 4. Members informed whether or not spending proposals conform to budget resolutions 5. Committees approve appropriations bills, Congress passes them, and send them to the president for signature 6. Hard to make big changes in government spending (entitlements) 7. Big loophole: Congress not required to tighten government’s financial belt

12. Levying Taxes Tax policy reflect blend of majoritarian and client politics 1. “What is a ‘fair’ tax law?” (majoritarian) Tax burden is kept low; Americans pay less than citizens in most other countries Requires everyone to pay something; Americans cheat less than others 2. “How much is in it for me?” (client) Requires the better-off to pay more Progressiveness is a matter of dispute: hard to calculate Many loopholes: example of client politics 3. Client politics (special interest) make tax reforms difficult, but Tax Reform Act passed (1986)

13. Levying Taxes The rise of the income tax 1. Most revenue derived from tariffs until 1913 and ratification of Sixteenth Amendment 2. Taxes then varied with war (high), peace (low) High rates offset by many loopholes; compromise Constituencies organized around loopholes 3. Tax bills before 1986 dealt more with deductions than with rates 4. Tax Reform Act of 1986: low rates with smaller deductions